An application of charge-coupled Device (CCD) tomography system for gemological industry - a review

Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) is a semiconductor chip with a light-sensitive sensor. The CCD has been used in many fields of engineering, including astronomy, medical sciences and processing. CCD is capable to detect light sources and convert this analogue signal into electrical signal. CCD is an integrated circuit that contains a large number of small photo elements with high sensitivity to light energy. The main focus of this research paper is on the review of CCD basic operating principle and construction, CCD characteristic, and the application of CCD in tomography system. The potential use of CCD in the gemological industry is also highlighted in this paper. Gemology is one of the important industries that considered profitable and crucial that deals with precious stones. This industry is in need of standardized grading valuation of gemstones as the current technique is prone to errors. An approach to the standardized grading technique is proposed where CCD tomography is used to detect and analyze the light distribution characteristic in ruby stones

NDT-defect detection on concrete using ultrasonic: a review

Non-destructive test (NDT) is widely used in industrial applications due to its reliability as well as flexibility. Rather than other methods, NDT is more suitable and practical to be performed in order to detect flaws and deterioration in concrete structures. This paper provides a review by studying various research works on concrete by performing ultrasonic technique NDT. In particular, the working principle of ultrasonic NDT, type of sensor and techniques adopted in ultrasonic NDT are briefly described in this paper. Further research based on preliminary data will be conducted to improve previous experimental work

Tomography system towards the industrial revolution 4.0

The world developed rapidly to provide better standard of living to the human being. Industrial revolution 4.0 promising in great revenue, investment and technological advancement to the society and various sectors. This paper presents an overview of tomography system towards the industrial revolution 4.0. Tomography is essentially a technique for showing an image representation through solid objects, such as a pipeline or the human body, in the two-dimensional and three-dimensional cross sections. Several tomography sensors, including optical tomography systems, ultrasonic tomography systems and an electrical tomography system, are discussed in terms of their hardware and image reconstruction. To provide a clear view of tomography system, a few examples of tomography system application in medical and process industries are discussed

Simulation study on CCD tomography system for ruby stone optical properties

Ninety percent of the ruby stones available worldwide come from Myanmar. Malaysia is known to be one of the countries that have been importing ruby stones for precious stone industries, manufacturing industries, medical and dentistry applications. There are several gemology tools which are used to investigate the grading of ruby stones such as loop, microscope, and dichroscope. Nevertheless, these tools are highly dependable on human visual assessment and require years of experience that may lead to error since ruby stone quality is evaluated based on its clarity and transparency. Hence, this paper addresses a simulation study on the optical properties of ruby stones via Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Tomography approach. This paper indicates the capability of CCD and tomography system to analyze the ruby stone optical properties through image reconstruction based on the previous research. Linear Back Projection (LBP) algorithm will be used to construct two-dimensional image reconstruction of varieties ruby stones. From these image reconstructions, the transparency and blemishes of ruby stones can be analyzed

Analysis on clarity of rubies gemstones using charge-coupled device (CCD)

Ruby is one of the most precious gemstones on Earth that is always high in demand especially in the jewelry industries. Due to its high value and very expensive, a lot of imitation of ruby has been made. This results in the rising of more complicated issues as gemologists need to perform the grading valuation very carefully and precisely. The current and common grading techniques mostly depend on human vision, which eventually leads to error. This paper aims to analyze the clarity of rubies gemstones using Charge-Coupled Device (CCD). The CCD detects the light intensity and then convert the light intensity value into the voltage value. The CCD sensor is very special in its architecture design, consisting of more than 1000 very small pixels that are sensitive to light sources. Based on the previous research, CCD has high sensitivity to laser light source with wavelength range within 430 nm to 650 nm. This research is going to prove that CCD is able to detect the clarity of various grading of the pink to blood-red ruby stones

Gas-solid two-phase flow of pulverized coal by ECT: a review

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a non-intrusive and non-invasive internal visualization tool that facilitates improved quantification by producing cross-sectional distribution information for any kind of multiphase flow. In a coal-fired power station, there are some concerning issues such as the sedimentation of pulverized coal in the piping system before it reaches the boiler system and the non-uniformity of its velocity, which contributes to a reduction in electricity generation and higher carbon dioxide emissions. The aim of this paper is to provide a review based on various research works on pulverized coal that utilized ECT system. This paper also consists of principle of ECT, image reconstruction, and velocity measurement. Further research and works will be executed based on the preliminary data gained to improve the existing works

Cyber-Physical System (CPS) Application- A REVIEW

Due to its vast number of suitable applications, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) has been one of the emerging and rapidly-developed technologies in modern life. Its applications can be integrated and deployed in numerous sectors, for instance the automobile, home appliances, medical and industrial sectors. This field has seen immense development and research taking place, including the architecture model, security, communications mode, control systems model and also signal processing. CPS plays an important role in Industrial Revolution 4.0, where it is an integration of urbane network with intelligent production or process system. CPS main objective is to control the global networks with high credibility of data secured.  This paper is basically a review of the CPS architectures, characteristics and its applications in daily basis. This review paper discusses how CPS are implemented in various industries and how it improves the efficiency of a system or application. Additionally, security enhancements in certain aspects of CPS application will also be reviewed and addressed

An application of Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) tomography system for gemological industry - a review

Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) is a semiconductor chip with a light-sensitive sensor. The CCD has been used in many fields of engineering, including astronomy, medical sciences and processing. CCD is capable to detect light sources and convert this analogue signal into electrical signal. CCD is an integrated circuit that contains a large number of small photo elements with high sensitivity to light energy. The main focus of this research paper is on the review of CCD basic operating principle and construction, CCD characteristic, and the application of CCD in tomography system. The potential use of CCD in the gemological industry is also highlighted in this paper. Gemology is one of the important industries that considered profitable and crucial that deals with precious stones. This industry is in need of standardized grading valuation of gemstones as the current technique is prone to errors. An approach to the standardized grading technique is proposed where CCD tomography is used to detect and analyze the light distribution characteristic in ruby stones

Simulation study on CCD tomography system for ruby stone optical properties

Ninety percent of the ruby stones available worldwide come from Myanmar. Malaysia is known to be one of the countries that have been importing ruby stones for precious stone industries, manufacturing industries, medical and dentistry applications. There are several gemology tools which are used to investigate the grading of ruby stones such as loop, microscope, and dichroscope. Nevertheless, these tools are highly dependable on human visual assessment and require years of experience that may lead to error since ruby stone quality is evaluated based on its clarity and transparency. Hence, this paper addresses a simulation study on the optical properties of ruby stones via Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Tomography approach. This paper indicates the capability of CCD and tomography system to analyze the ruby stone optical properties through image reconstruction based on the previous research. Linear Back Projection (LBP) algorithm will be used to construct two-dimensional image reconstruction of varieties ruby stones. From these image reconstructions, the transparency and blemishes of ruby stones can be analyzed

Analysis on clarity of rubies gemstones using charge-coupled device (CCD)

Ruby is one of the most precious gemstones on Earth that is always high in demand especially in the jewelry industries. Due to its high value and very expensive, a lot of imitation of ruby has been made. This results in the rising of more complicated issues as gemologists need to perform the grading valuation very carefully and precisely. The current and common grading techniques mostly depend on human vision, which eventually leads to error. This paper aims to analyze the clarity of rubies gemstonesusing Charge-Coupled Device (CCD). The CCD detects the light intensity and then convert the light intensity value into the voltage value. The CCD sensor is very special in its architecture design, consisting of morethan 1000 very small pixels that are sensitiveto light sources.Based on the previous research, CCD has high sensitivity to laser light source with wavelength range within 430 nm to 650 nm.This research is going to prove that CCD is able to detect the clarity of various grading of the pink to blood-red ruby stones