An update on the antibiotic-based root canal irrigation solutions

Abstract: Antibiotics are a valuable addition to health practitioners for the management of bacterial infections. During endodontic treatment and when managing trauma to the teeth, antibiotics may be applied systemically or locally. Due to the potential risk of adverse effects of systemic applications, and the ineffectiveness of systemic prescribed antibiotics in necrotic or pulpless teeth and the periradicular tissues, the local application of antibiotics may be a more effective mode for delivering antibiotics to infected root canals. The purpose of this article is to review the history, rationale, and applications of antibiotics and antibiotic-containing irrigants in endodontics

Chlorhexidine gluconate, its properties and applications in endodontics

The major objective in endodontic therapy is to disinfect the entire root canal system. This requires that the pulpal content be eliminated as sources of infection. This goal may be accomplished by mechanical instrumentation and chemical irrigation, in conjunction with medication of the root canal between treatment sessions. Microorganisms and their by-products are considered to be the major cause of pulpal and periradicular pathosis. In order to reduce or eliminate bacteria from the root canal system, various irrigants have been used during treatment. Chlorhexidine is a cationic solution which can be used during treatment. It has a wide range of antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, because of its cationic structure, chlorhexidine has a unique property named substantivity. The purpose of this paper is to review different aspects of chlorhexidine in endodontics

The Effect of Heat-Killed Candida Albicans and Dentin Powder on the Antibacterial Activity of Chlorhexidine Solution

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the inhibitory effect of heat-killed Candida albicans and dentin powder on the antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine (CHX) against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus sanguis.Materials and Methods: The antibacterial effect of each group was determined by measuring the zone of inhibition diameter in millimeters after incubation at 37°C for 24 hours in a humid atmosphere. Each test was repeated three times. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test.Results: Results indicated that both heat-killed C. albicans and dentin powder decreased the antibacterial activity of CHX against both tested bacteria significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, both heat-killed Candida albicans and dentin powder reduced the antibacterial activity of CHX significantly

Antifungal Activity of Endodontic Irrigants

Introduction: The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the antifungal activity of final canal rinse with either three concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (0.5, 2.6 and 6%), two concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX) (2% and 0.2%), MTAD, Tetraclean, Hypoclean and Chlor-Xtra on Candida albicans (C. albicans) in a human tooth model. Methods and Materials: Two hundred and thirty five extracted human maxillary central and lateral incisors were used in this study. Teeth were randomly divided into nine test groups (n=25) and positive and a negative control groups (n=5). After cleaning and shaping, teeth were contaminated with C. albicans and incubated for 72 h. The irrigation solution in nine experimental groups included: 6% NaOCl, 2.6% NaOCl, 0.5% NaOCl, 2% CHX, 0.2% CHX, MTAD, Tetraclean, Hypoclean and Chlor-Xtra. After culturing on Sabouraud 4% dextrose agar, colony-forming units (CFU) were counted. Results: 6% NaOCl, 2% CHX and Chlor-Xtra were equally effective (P>0.05) and significantly superior to MTAD and Tetraclean (P<0.05). In addition, the effectiveness of Tetraclean and MTAD was significantly less than Hypoclean, NaOCl at all concentrations (6% 2.6% and 0.5%), MTAD and 0.2% CHX (P<0.05). Furthermore, Tetraclean was significantly more effective than MTAD (P<0.05). Conclusion: Antifungal activity of 6% NaOCl, Chlor-Xtra and 2% CHX was significantly greater than 2.6% NaOCl, 0.5% NaOCl, MTAD, 0.2% CHX and Tetraclea

Effect of hydroxyapatite and bovine serum albumin on the antibacterial activity of MTA

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to compare the inhibitory effect of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) on the antibacterial activity of white-colored MTA (WMTA) against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Streptococcus (S.) mutans after 24 and 72 hours.MATERIALS & METHODS: All materials were prepared according to the manufacturer’s directions immediately before testing. The antibacterial effect of each group (WMTA, WMTA+BSA and WMTA+HA) was determined by measuring the diameter of zone of inhibition in millimeters after incubation at 37°C for 24 and 72 hours in a humid atmosphere. Each test was repeated three times. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test. RESULTS: In the 24 hours samples as well as in 72 hours samples, the antibacterial activity of MTA+HA group was significantly greater than two other groups against S. aureus (P < 0.05). However, the antibacterial activity of MTA+HA group against S. mutans was not significantly different from the MTA group in 24 hours as well as 72 hours samples. BSA reduced the antibacterial activity of MTA against both tested bacteria in the 24 and 72 hour samples (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: The products studied exhibited antibacterial activity. However, in both time intervals, the MTA+HA group exerted the greatest activity against S. mutans and S. aureus.

Is chlorhexidine an ideal vehicle for calcium hydroxide?

Microorganisms play a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of pulpal and periapical disease. In order to predictably achieve a bacteria-free root canal system, it is necessary to use intracanal medicaments. Calcium hydroxide is the most common intracanal medicaments. It is effective against primary infections. However, its effectiveness against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans is controversial. On the other hand, chlorhexidine is a potent agent against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. For this reason, it has been combination of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine has been suggested as an intracanal medicament. The purpose of this article was to a brief review antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine, and their combination

An Overview on a Promising Root Canal Irrigation Solution: QMix

Due to the complex micro-anatomy of the root canal system, mechanical instrumentation leaves significant portions of the root canal walls untouched; therefore, complete elimination of bacteria from the root canal by cleaning with instrumentation alone is unlikely. It has long been postulated but not demonstrated, that any pulp tissue left in the root canals can serve as bacterial/fungal/viral (microorganism nutrients) nutrients. Furthermore, tissue remnants also impede the antimicrobial effects of root canal irrigants and medicaments and prevent intimate adaptation of the root canal filling to the dentin. Therefore, specific irrigation/disinfection procedures are necessary to remove tissue from the root canals and to kill microorganisms, respectively. The purpose of this paper was to review different aspects of a promising root canal irrigant; QMix. This is a relatively new root canal irrigant composed of traditional materials like chlorhexidine (CHX), ethylele diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), saline and a detergent. QMix is antibacterial, antifungal and has antibiofilm activities, it displays substantivity, smear layer removing ability; moreover, its effect on dentin and retention of fiber posts etc. has been reviewed. There have been strong reports that show the chemical design of QMix prevents precipitation of CHX when together with EDTA and mixing with sodium hypochlorite does not produce the orange-brown precipitate. Furthermore, the smear layer removal ability of QMix is comparable to that of 17% EDTA and the antibacterial activity of QMix was greater than 1% and 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% CHX

One-Pot Synthesis of β-Acetamido Ketones Using Boric Acid at Room Temperature

β-acetamido ketones were synthesized in excellent yields through one-pot condensation reaction of aldehydes, acetophenones, acetyl chloride, and acetonitrile in the presence of boric acid as a solid heterogeneous catalyst at room temperature. It is the first successful report of boric acid that has been used as solid acid catalyst for the preparation of β-acetamido ketones. The remarkable advantages offered by this method are green catalyst, mild reaction conditions, simple procedure, short reaction times, and good-to-excellent yields of products

Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on the Antibacterial Substantivity of Chlorhexidine

The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the antibacterial substantivity of chlorhexidine (CHX). Seventy-five dentine tubes prepared from human maxillary central and lateral incisor teeth were used. After contamination with Enterococcus faecalis for 14 days, the specimens were divided into five groups as follows: CHX, H2O2, CHX + H2O2, infected dentine tubes (positive control), and sterile dentine tubes (negative control). Dentine chips were collected with round burs into tryptic soy broth, and after culturing, the number of colony-forming units (CFU) was counted. The number of CFU was minimum in the first cultures in all experimental groups, and the results obtained were significantly different from each other at any time period (P < .05). At the first culture, the number of CFU in the CHX + H2O2 group was lower than other two groups. At the other experimental periods, the CHX group showed the most effective antibacterial action (P < .05). Hydrogen peroxide group showed the worst result at all periods. In each group, the number of CFU increased significantly by time lapse (P < .05). In conclusion, H2O2 had no additive effect on the residual antibacterial activity of CHX

Messages of “Arba'een Walking” as “Media”

Arba’een Walking is the most unrivaled assembly in the world that can be considered as a Shiite religious symbol. Arba’een Walking has numerous political, cultural and social implications, and today the media function of this movement has continued to have a huge and widespread impact over the centuries since Ashura. This article seeks to answer the key question, "What are the messages of Arba’een Walking as a media outlet?" In this regard, the qualitative method of document analysis was used, and the data have been collected from different sources. According to the findings of the study, the most important political message of the Arba’een Walking is the "unity of the Islamic Ummah". Love for freedom and fighting arrogance as well as maneuvering authority are other political messages of Arba'een. Also, reinforcing the thoughts and affection of the Ahlul-Bayt, the deep connection with Hussein's sayings, as well as the strengthening and promotion of the culture of self-sacrifice are some of Arba'een cultural messages. Order and solidarity, the possibility of transnational solidarity and convergence, transcendental and group solidarity as well as the manifestation of social capital can be defined in the form of Arba'een social messages