Association of serum vitamin D and parathormone levels in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic retinopathy

The present study was aimed to evaluate the association of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and parathormone in 46 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic retinopathy [non-proliferative, (n=27); proliferative (n=19)]. Twenty one diabetic patients without retinopathy were taken as control. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone were measured by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay. Concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D differed significantly among groups (p=0.018) and it was significantly lower in proliferative diabetic retinopathy than no diabetic retinopathy (p=0.003). Logistic regression analysis revealed that vitamin D deficiency [25-hydroxy vitamin D <20 ng/mL] was indepen-dently associated with development of diabetic retinopathy (p=0.007, OR 20.90, 95%CI 2.33-187.23). In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency is associated with diabetic retinopathy complicating type 2 diabetes mellitus

Association of serum vitamin D and parathormone levels in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic retinopathy

The present study was aimed to evaluate the association of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and parathormone in 46 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic retinopathy [non-proliferative, (n=27); proliferative (n=19)]. Twenty one diabetic patients without retinopathy were taken as control. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone were measured by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay. Concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D differed significantly among groups (p=0.018) and it was significantly lower in proliferative diabetic retinopathy than no diabetic retinopathy (p=0.003). Logistic regression analysis revealed that vitamin D deficiency [25-hydroxy vitamin D <20 ng/mL] was indepen-dently associated with development of diabetic retinopathy (p=0.007, OR 20.90, 95%CI 2.33-187.23). In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency is associated with diabetic retinopathy complicating type 2 diabetes mellitus

Performance Study and comparison of Handover Mechanisms between WiMAX Mobile Multihop Relay (802.16j) and mobile WiMAX (802.16e) using NCTUns

Multihop wireless access networks are the subject of much interest at present. In the last few years they have moved from the domain of an interesting research topic to one having a significant impact on the commercial world. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is introduced by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers with designated standards 802.16d-2004 and 802.16e-2005 (used in fixed wireless applications) and 802.16k-2006 (mobile wireless) to provide a worldwide interoperability for microwave access. For WiMAX networks, the IEEE has started in 2006 to work on 802.16j "Mobile Multihop Relay" (MMR). 802.16j offers a potential solution to some of the classic problems in deployment of radio access networks. Comprising low-cost relays associated with base stations (BSs), they can be used both to realize larger coverage areas for BSs and to increase capacity for congested areas. The basic idea behind MMR is to allow WiMAX base stations which do not have a backhaul connection to communicate with base stations that do. Multihop wireless systems have the potential to offer improved coverage and capacity over single-hop radio access systems. Standards development organizations are considering how to incorporate such techniques into new standards. One such initiative is the IEEE 802.16j standardization activity, adding relay capabilities to IEEE 802.16 systems. Relay-based systems typically comprise small form factor low-cost relays, which are associated with specific base stations. The relays can be used to extend the coverage area of a BS and/or increase the capacity of a wireless access system. Typically, it is envisaged that they could be used in the early stages of network rollout to provide coverage to a large area at lower cost than a BS only solution; they can also be used to provide increased capacity in more developed networks as well as coverage to coverage holes such as areas in the shadows of buildings. As the urban structures are getting heavily dominated by buildings day by day, network coverage in heaving areas blocked by buildings is a big challenge. The aim of 802.16j is to extend coverage area with improved capacity and low cost by the use of relay stations. In this thesis, the performance of standard handover mechanisms in MMR has been studied. NCTUns-6.0, which is an open source simulation tool that supports 802.16j standard, has been used in this thesis for the simulation. Only Hard Handover has been simulated on 802.16j scenario as NCTUns-6.0 only supports this handover method. Same simulation has been made on 802.16e scenario as well for the purpose of quantitative comparison. The performance parameters have been handover time, downlink throughput and transfer of packets. Keywords: Mobile Multhop Relay(MMR), WiMAX, Hard Handover, NCTUns, Base station(BS), Relay station(RS), OFDMA+4672309207

Performance Study and comparison of Handover Mechanisms between WiMAX Mobile Multihop Relay (802.16j) and mobile WiMAX (802.16e) using NCTUns

Multihop wireless access networks are the subject of much interest at present. In the last few years they have moved from the domain of an interesting research topic to one having a significant impact on the commercial world. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is introduced by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers with designated standards 802.16d-2004 and 802.16e-2005 (used in fixed wireless applications) and 802.16k-2006 (mobile wireless) to provide a worldwide interoperability for microwave access. For WiMAX networks, the IEEE has started in 2006 to work on 802.16j "Mobile Multihop Relay" (MMR). 802.16j offers a potential solution to some of the classic problems in deployment of radio access networks. Comprising low-cost relays associated with base stations (BSs), they can be used both to realize larger coverage areas for BSs and to increase capacity for congested areas. The basic idea behind MMR is to allow WiMAX base stations which do not have a backhaul connection to communicate with base stations that do. Multihop wireless systems have the potential to offer improved coverage and capacity over single-hop radio access systems. Standards development organizations are considering how to incorporate such techniques into new standards. One such initiative is the IEEE 802.16j standardization activity, adding relay capabilities to IEEE 802.16 systems. Relay-based systems typically comprise small form factor low-cost relays, which are associated with specific base stations. The relays can be used to extend the coverage area of a BS and/or increase the capacity of a wireless access system. Typically, it is envisaged that they could be used in the early stages of network rollout to provide coverage to a large area at lower cost than a BS only solution; they can also be used to provide increased capacity in more developed networks as well as coverage to coverage holes such as areas in the shadows of buildings. As the urban structures are getting heavily dominated by buildings day by day, network coverage in heaving areas blocked by buildings is a big challenge. The aim of 802.16j is to extend coverage area with improved capacity and low cost by the use of relay stations. In this thesis, the performance of standard handover mechanisms in MMR has been studied. NCTUns-6.0, which is an open source simulation tool that supports 802.16j standard, has been used in this thesis for the simulation. Only Hard Handover has been simulated on 802.16j scenario as NCTUns-6.0 only supports this handover method. Same simulation has been made on 802.16e scenario as well for the purpose of quantitative comparison. The performance parameters have been handover time, downlink throughput and transfer of packets. Keywords: Mobile Multhop Relay(MMR), WiMAX, Hard Handover, NCTUns, Base station(BS), Relay station(RS), OFDMA+4672309207

An Analysis of Progress of Rural Development Scheme (RDS) by IBBL: A Study on Kushtia Branch

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of micro credit program under Rural Development Scheme (RDS) Introduction The success of a bank largely depends upon its efficient lending, earning more profitability, productivity, financial solvency, investing and RDS operations. Convectional bank charges fixed rate of interest on their credit and the Islamic Bank supplies commodity which are permissible in Islamic Shariah and local law adding a specific mark-up or shares with any business or projects and take profit and / or bears losses proportionate to the capita

A Comparative Study of the Mechanical Properties of Jute Fiber and Yarn Reinforced Concrete Composites

A relatively better performance of jute fiber and yarn reinforced concrete composites can open up a wide access to application of natural resources in concrete strengthening. In order to achieve this goal, an experimental investigation on the flexural, compressive and tensile strengths of Jute Fiber Reinforced Concrete Composites (JFRCC) and Jute Yarn Reinforced Concrete Composites (JYRCC) has been conducted. To draw a specific conclusion, the mix ratios of 1:1.5:3 and 1:2:4 (by volume) of concrete have been maintained with incorporation of jute fiber and yarn in concrete mortar having different cut lengths with distinct volumetric ratios. Finally, a comparison of the JFRCC and JYRCC strength increments with respect to the plain concrete has been investigated. A significant increment of compressive, flexural and tensile strength was observed only for a short cut length having a low volumetric ratio, where JYRCC increment value was always found progressive. A far more regular arrangement and adequate mixture of JYRCC was also visualized compare to JFRCC in concrete mortar. All the principal increment values were found only in case of JYRCC with a mix ratio of 1:1.5:3. So, it can be concluded that the presence of jute yarn and more cement content can strengthen the concrete to a great extent

Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide concentration for diagnosis of acute heart failure with renal insufficiency

Background : Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is the diagnostic tool for acute heart failure (AHF).This natriu­retic peptide level depends on renal function, through renal metabolism and excretion. Therefore we examined the effect ofrenal impairment on plasma BNP level during diagnosis of AHF.Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the effect of renal dysfunction on plasma BNP level and to determine appropriate cutoff value of plasma BNP to diagnose the patients of AHF with renal insufficiency.Methods: This cross sectional analytical study was conducted in the Depart­ment of Biochemistry Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). The study was done among 90 AHF patients selected from cardiology emergency department during the period of July 2012 to June 2013. After enrollment plasma BNP concentration was measured and eGFR was estimated from serum creatinine by the four parameter Modifica­tion of Diet and Renal Disease (MORD) equation and then grouped into two groups on the basis of empirical cut off value of eGFR 60 ml/min/1.73 m2Results: In this study a significant negative correlation was found between plasma BNP evel and eGFR (P<0.001 ), with higher BNP levels observed as eGFR declined. The optimal BNP cutoff value for diagno­sis of AHF patients with renal insufficiency was 824 pg/ml. At this cutoff level AHF with renal insufficiency could be diagnosed with sensitivity and specificity of 84% and 71 %, respectively.Conclusions: By adjusting the cutoff value, plasma BNP can be used to diagnose AHF with renal insufficiency with an acceptable sensitivity and specificity

Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide concentration for diagnosis of acute heart failure with renal insufficiency

Background : Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is the diagnostic tool for acute heart failure (AHF).This natriu­retic peptide level depends on renal function, through renal metabolism and excretion. Therefore we examined the effect ofrenal impairment on plasma BNP level during diagnosis of AHF. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the effect of renal dysfunction on plasma BNP level and to determine appropriate cutoff value of plasma BNP to diagnose the patients of AHF with renal insufficiency. Methods: This cross sectional analytical study was conducted in the Depart­ment of Biochemistry Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). The study was done among 90 AHF patients selected from cardiology emergency department during the period of July 2012 to June 2013. After enrollment plasma BNP concentration was measured and eGFR was estimated from serum creatinine by the four parameter Modifica­tion of Diet and Renal Disease (MORD) equation and then grouped into two groups on the basis of empirical cut off value of eGFR 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 Results: In this study a significant negative correlation was found between plasma BNP evel and eGFR (P<0.001 ), with higher BNP levels observed as eGFR declined. The optimal BNP cutoff value for diagno­sis of AHF patients with renal insufficiency was 824 pg/ml. At this cutoff level AHF with renal insufficiency could be diagnosed with sensitivity and specificity of 84% and 71 %, respectively. Conclusions: By adjusting the cutoff value, plasma BNP can be used to diagnose AHF with renal insufficiency with an acceptable sensitivity and specificity

Estimated GFR (eGFR) by prediction equation in staging of chronic kidney disease compared to gamma camera GFR

Background: Glomerular filtration rate is an effective tool for diagnosis and staging of chronic kidney disease. The effect ofrenal insufficiency by different method of this tool among patients with CKD is controversial. Objective: The objec­tive of this study was to evaluate the performance of eGFR in staging of CKD compared to gamma camera based GFR. Methods: This cross sectional analytical study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) with the collaboration with National Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, BSMMU during the period of January 2011 to December 2012. Gama camera based GFR was estimated from DTP A reno gram and eGFR was estimated by three prediction equations. Comparison was done by Bland Altman agree­ment test to see the agreement on the measurement of GFR between three equation based eGFR method and gama camera based GFR method. Staging comparison was done by Kappa analysis to see the agreement between the stages identified by those different methods. Results: Bland-Altman agreement analysis between GFR measured by gamma camera, CG equation ,CG equation corrected by BSA and MDRD equation shows statistically significant. CKD stages determined by CG GFR, CG GFR corrected by BSA , MDRD GFR and gamma camera based GFR was compared by Kappa statistical analysis .The kappa value was 0.66, 0.77 and 0.79 respectively. Conclusions: This study findings suggest that GFR estimation by MDRD equation in CKD patients shows good agreement with gamma camera based GFR and for staging of CKD patients, eGFR by MDRD formula may be used as very effective tool in Bangladeshi population

Estimated GFR (eGFR) by prediction equation in staging of chronic kidney disease compared to gamma camera GFR

Background: Glomerular filtration rate is an effective tool for diagnosis and staging of chronic kidney disease. The effect ofrenal insufficiency by different method of this tool among patients with CKD is controversial.Objective: The objec­tive of this study was to evaluate the performance of eGFR in staging of CKD compared to gamma camera based GFR.Methods: This cross sectional analytical study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) with the collaboration with National Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, BSMMU during the period of January 2011 to December 2012. Gama camera based GFR was estimated from DTP A reno gram and eGFR was estimated by three prediction equations. Comparison was done by Bland Altman agree­ment test to see the agreement on the measurement of GFR between three equation based eGFR method and gama camera based GFR method. Staging comparison was done by Kappa analysis to see the agreement between the stages identified by those different methods.Results: Bland-Altman agreement analysis between GFR measured by gamma camera, CG equation ,CG equation corrected by BSA and MDRD equation shows statistically significant. CKD stages determined by CG GFR, CG GFR corrected by BSA , MDRD GFR and gamma camera based GFR was compared by Kappa statistical analysis .The kappa value was 0.66, 0.77 and 0.79 respectively.Conclusions: This study findings suggest that GFR estimation by MDRD equation in CKD patients shows good agreement with gamma camera based GFR and for staging of CKD patients, eGFR by MDRD formula may be used as very effective tool in Bangladeshi population