21,718 research outputs found
Entropy production in a photovoltaic cell
We evaluate entropy production in a photovoltaic cell that is modeled by four
electronic levels resonantly coupled to thermally populated field modes at
different temperatures. We use a formalism recently proposed, the so-called
multiple parallel worlds, to consistently address the nonlinearity of entropy
in terms of density matrix. Our result shows that entropy production is the
difference between two flows: a semiclassical flow that linearly depends on
occupational probabilities, and another flow that depends nonlinearly on
quantum coherence and has no semiclassical analog. We show that entropy
production in the cells depends on environmentally induced decoherence time and
energy detuning. We characterize regimes where reversal flow of information
takes place from a cold to hot bath. Interestingly, we identify a lower bound
on entropy production, which sets limitations on the statistics of dissipated
heat in the cells.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figure
Introduction
Fordham International Law Journal\u27s special issue on Islamic law includes articles that present a broad variety of themes, from the historical to the contemporary, from the philosophical to the empirical, and from the theoretical to the practical. In light of the generally poor understanding of Islamic law among American lawyers, one can only hope that a publication such as this succeeds in generating greater intellectual curiosity about Islamic law among readers of American law journals. The authors hope that this collection of Articles will lead to renewed interest in Islamic law and theology as intellectually gratifying topics of inquiry in themselves, in addition to any relevance they may or may not have for transient political circumstances. A cardinal virtue of the lawyer is the ability to extract herself from her own circumstances and view a problem from the perspective of another party, oftentimes an adversary. Hopefully, this special issue will help generate further understanding by affording non-experts in Islamic law an opportunity to better comprehend some of the issues engaging Muslim jurists and theologians in this era
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