Kajian terhadap kualiti air bag i sistem pengumpulan air hujan menggunakan penapis biopasir

Kajian ini telah mengkaji rekabentuk Sistem Pengumpulan Air Hujan (SP AH) sebagai satu sistem yang boleh menghasilkan satu altematif sumber air dari segi kualiti aimya bagi kegunaan domestik. SP AH telah dibangunkan di kampus KUiTTHO dan setiap pemilihan serta susunan komponen SPAH dikenalpasti sama ada boleh menyumbang kepada peneemaran terhadap kualiti air yang dikumpul. Komponen SP AH terdiri daripada permukaan tadahan, saluran, tangki eurahan pertama, tangki simpanan dan rawatan. Kajian ini juga telah membuat penambahan pada SP AH iaitu bagi komponen rawatan dengan menggunakan penapis biopasir. Sebanyak 3 jenis kedalaman telah digunakan iaitu 20 em, 40 em dan 70 em bagi medium pasir halus (saiz diameter, d = 0.2-0.35 mm, pemalar keseragaman, UC = 2.68, keporosan, 8 = 0.40, ketumpatan, Pp = 2.65g/ml). Sampel kualiti air diambil dalam tempoh Februari 2005 hingga April 2005. Ini termasuk tempoh pematangan penapis bagi membentuk lapisan schmutzdecke selama 3 minggu. Didapati, pengaruh persekitaran dan peneemaran terhadap kualiti air tadahan dapat diatasi. Kualiti air tadahan sebelum rawatan berada didalam Kelas IIA - V dapat dikurangkan kepada Kelas I - IIA selepas melalui rawatan penapis biopasir. Peratus penyingkiran bagi kesemua parameter berada dalam nilai yang amat baik iaitu sehingga 34 % bagi pH, 97 % bagi COD dan BOD, 98 % bagi kekeruhan, 100 % bagi TSS, 99 % bagi jumlah koliform dan 95 % - 100 % bagi kandungan logarn berat. Kedalaman penapis biopasir mempengaruhi kualiti air dengan hirarki kualiti air selepas rawatan 70 em > 40 em > 20 em. Manakala, pengaruh tempoh kering di antara kejadian hujan memberikan kesan pada keseluruhan kualiti air terkumpul. Data kualiti air hujan ini merupakan langkah awal dalam pengaplikasian SPAH di karnpus KUiTTHO seterusnya implikasi kejadian banjir kilat dan seumpamanya dapat dielakkan pada masa akan datang

Fate of Pathogen Indicators During Extended Aeration Wastewater Treatment

Pathogen indicators normally used in water quality indicator because large numbers of the bacteria are always present in the faeces of humans, but are not naturally found in water. Since these bacteria don’t live long in water once outside the intestine, their presence in water means there has been recent contamination through effluent discharges or other sources. Like other enteric pathogens, a common mode of transmission for E.coli is via contaminated water, food and by direct person to person contact. Infection often causes severe bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and possibly fever.  In some cases, infection can lead to kidney failure and possibly death. In order to evaluate the effieciency of extended aeration wastewater treatment plant (EAWWTP), the microbial analyses such as enumeration of E.coli and total coliform were measured. Besides, this study also involved the measurements of pH, turbidity, DO (Dissolve Oxygen), BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and TSS (Total Suspended Solid). This study summarized that each treatment process provides important roles to overall effieciency of EAWWTP. The secondary treatment was proved sufficient not only on reducing pathogen indicators but for all examined parameters. Significantly, this study conclude that numbers of pathogen indicators discharges in effluent meet the regulated standard guideline after treated through the EAWWTP

An overview of biodiesel energy

Over the last ten years’ attention to biofuels production has increased dramatically and become crucial. One of the main factors is the rise in world oil prices, coupled with the abatement of greenhouse gas emissions and concerns about energy security. Biodiesel is diesel fuel extracted and made out of animal fats, vegetable oils, or recycled restaurant greases. It is harmless, biodegradable, and generate fewer air pollutants than conventional-based diesel. This paper will be summarized the overview of biodiesel including. competitiveness of biodiesel, ii. biodiesel production and iii. engine performance using biodiesel

Growth of Freshwater Microalga, Botryococcus sp. in Heavy Metal Contaminated Industrial Wastewater

The aim of this study was to determine the growth and the bioremoval capacity of the green microalga, Botryococcus sp. grown in industrial wastewater contaminated with heavy metals. The freshwater green microalga, Botryococcus sp. was cultured in different concentrations of wastewater (25%, 50% and 100%) with an initial cell concentration of 1000 cells/ml for a period of 12 days. Bold basal medium and sterile distilled water were used as positive and negative control, respectively. The Botryococcus sp. grown in Bold’s basal medium showed the highest (P<0.05) average growth rate (7.8 × 106 cells/ml) after a period of 12 days, whereas, the lowest (P<0.05) growth was observed in 50% concentration of wastewater (4.8 × 104 cells/ml). Similar results were obtained for the specific growth rate (µ/day) with an average of 1.93µ/day and 1.22µ/day for the positive control and the 50% concentration respectively. Highest reduction of heavy metals was achieved for chromium which is equivalent to 94%, followed by copper (45%), arsenic (9%) and cadmium (2%). The results of this study suggest the potential of Botryococcus sp. as bioremediator of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals.&nbsp

Predicting the capability of oxidized cnw adsorbents for the remediation of copper under optimal operating conditions using rsm and ann models

Metal pollutants such as copper released into the aqueous environment have been increasing as a result of anthropogenic activities. Adsorption-based treatment technologies offer opportunities to remediate metal pollutants from municipal and industrial wastewater effluent. The aim of this work was to evaluate the capability of modified cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) adsorbents for the remediation of copper from water matrices under realistic conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models. Considerations for design and application to remediate Cu(II) from wastewater by developing a continuous flow experiment are described in this study. However, the physical structure of modified CNW adsorbents renders them unsuitable for use in column operation. Therefore, a more detailed study of the mechanical properties of CNW adsorbents would be necessary in order to improve the strength and stability of the adsorbents. This work has demonstrated that modified CNW are promising adsorbents to remediate copper from water matrices under realistic conditions including wastewater complexity and variability. The use of models to predict the test parameter system and account for matrix variability when evaluating CNW adsorbents for remediating Cu from a real-world wastewater matrix may also provide the foundation for assessing other treatment technologies in the future

Effect of Poor Indoor Air Quality (IAQ): A Review

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is defined as the quality of indoor air in the buildings and structures that influence to the building’s occupants’ health. Human exposure to indoor air pollutants is difficult to quantify as it is largely determined by micro-environmental characteristics. Pollution levels in one home may be quite different from those in another, depending on the occurrence and usage of sources of pollutants and on the ventilation habits. The presence chapter discussed about major effect of poor indoor air quality consequences of high pollution levels. Effects of indoor air pollution can be life threatening. Kids and old age people are more prone to the after effects of indoor air pollution

A study of reverse osmosis reject water at Bukit Gambir, Tangkak Haemodialysis Centre

Water is categorized by their few aspects according to the specific feature and it function usage in a certain compatible condition. Yet with rapidly population growth increasing around the world by about 85 million per year, the accessibility for fresh water supply per persons keep declining [1]. The increasing clean water demand causes the increasing environmental risks, costs and economic exploitation as it may disturb surrounding nature which leads into the more distant sources or greater depth. At this state, the minimization of waste water produce should be focused on to prevent it become worsen

Modern biomass-based transportation fuels from pyrolysis process, bio-ethanol, bio-methanol and bio-diesel

In this paper, the modern biomass-based transportation fuels such as fuels from Pyrolysis process, bio-ethanol, bio-methanol, and bio-diesel are briefly reviewed. Here, the term bio-fuel and non-organic fuel is referred to as liquid or gaseous fuels for the transport sector that are predominantly produced from biomass. There are several reasons for bio-fuels and non-organic fuel to be considered as relevant technologies by both developing and industrialized countries. They include energy security reasons, environmental concerns, foreign exchange savings, and socioeconomic issues related to the rural sector. The term modern biomass is generally used to describe the traditional biomass use through the efficient and clean combustion technologies and sustained supply of biomass resources, environmentally sound and competitive fuels, heat and electricity using modern conversion technologies. Modern bio-mass can be used for the generation of electricity and heat. Bio-ethanol, bio-methanol and bio-diesel as well as diesel produced from biomass by Pyrolysis process are the most modern biomass-based transportation fuels. Bio-ethanol is a petrol additive/substitute

Awareness on 3R practice: a case study at UTHM Pagoh residential college

Solid waste can be defined as any scrap material; or unwanted surplus substance; or rejected products arising from the application of any process [1]. This also includes any substance required to be disposed of as being broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled. Over the years, the problems of solid waste generation are increasing all over the world. In the year 2016, cities around the world generated 2.01 billion tonnes of solid waste, amounting to a footprint of 0.74 kilograms per person per day [2]. With rapid population growth and urbanisation, the annual waste generation is expected to increase to 3.4 billion tonnes by year 2050. The same trend can be seen in Malaysia. The waste generation rate in this country has been steadily increasing from 12.3 million tonnes in year 2013 to 13.9 million tonnes in year 2018 [3]. This amount is expected to increase to 14.4 million tonnes by year 2020

Potential application of bitter gourd (Momordica Charantia) peel as an adsorbent for the removal of total hardness In Kangkar Senangar’s groundwater

Lately many countries in the world are suffering with the shortage of fresh and clean drinking water as it is a source of life and energy. Rapid pace of industrialization, population expansion, and unplanned urbanization have largely contributed to the severe water pollution and surrounding soils [1]. The main sources of water pollution can be attributed by discharge of untreated sanitary and toxic industrial wastes, dumping of industrial effluent and runoff from agricultural fields. It is well known that 70–80% of all diseases in developing countries are related to water contamination, particularly that susceptible to women and children [2]. This is because water sources now become limited as drinking water quality has been reduced by pollution. Hardness is one of the problem related to unpalatable drinking water that need to be control at acceptable level