Horizontal Branch A- and B-type Stars in Globular Clusters

Globular clusters offer ideal laboratories to test the predictions of stellar evolution. When doing so with spectroscopic analyses during the 1990s, however, the parameters we derived for hot horizontal branch stars deviated systematically from theoretical predictions. The parameters of cooler, A-type horizontal branch stars, on the other hand, were consistent with evolutionary theories. In 1999, two groups independently suggested that diffusion effects might cause these deviations, which we verified subsequently. I will discuss these observations and analyses and their consequences for interpreting observations of hot horizontal branch stars.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure, style files included, Invited Lecture at IAU Symposium 224 "The A Star Puzzle

Observations of the Hot Horizontal-Branch Stars in the Metal-Rich Bulge Globular Cluster NGC 6388 - Indications of Helium Enrichment and a Lesson in Crowded Field Spectroscopy

(abridged) The metal-rich bulge globular cluster NGC6388 shows a distinct blue horizontal-branch tail with a strong upward tilt in its colour-magnitude diagram. Several noncanonical scenarios have been proposed to explain these puzzling observations. In order to test the predictions of these scenarios, we have obtained medium resolution spectra to determine the atmospheric parameters of a sample of the blue HB stars in NGC 6388. Using the medium resolution spectra, we determine effective temperatures, surface gravities and helium abundances by fitting the observed Balmer and helium lines with appropriate theoretical stellar spectra. As we know the distance to the cluster, we can verify our results by determining masses for the stars. During the data reduction we took special care in subtracting the background, which is dominated by the overlapping spectra of cool stars. The physical parameters of the blue HB stars near 10,000 K support the helium pollution scenario. The low gravities and masses found for the hot blue tail stars, however, are probably caused by problems with the data reduction, most likely due to remaining background light in the spectra, which would affect the fainter hot blue tail stars much more strongly than the brighter cool blue tail stars. Our study of the hot blue tail stars in NGC 6388 illustrates the obstacles which are encountered when attempting to determine the atmospheric parameters of hot HB stars in very crowded fields using ground-based observations. We discuss these obstacles and offer possible solutions for future projects.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures (finding charts as png only), uses aa.cls; accepted for publication in A&

Rotations and Abundances of Blue Horizontal-Branch Stars in Globular Cluster M15

High-resolution optical spectra of eighteen blue horizontal-branch (BHB) stars in the globular cluster M15 indicate that their stellar rotation rates and photospheric compositions vary strongly as a function of effective temperature. Among the cooler stars in the sample, at Teff ~ 8500 K, metal abundances are in rough agreement with the canonical cluster metallicity, and the v sin i rotations appear to have a bimodal distribution, with eight stars at v sin i < 15 km/s and two stars at v sin i ~ 35 km/s. Most of the stars at Teff > 10000 K, however, are slowly rotating, v sin i < 7 km/s, and their iron and titanium are enhanced by a factor of 300 to solar abundance levels. Magnesium maintains a nearly constant abundance over the entire range of Teff, and helium is depleted by factors of 10 to 30 in three of the hotter stars. Diffusion effects in the stellar atmospheres are the most likely explanation for these large differences in composition. Our results are qualitatively very similar to those previously reported for M13 and NGC 6752, but with even larger enhancement amplitudes, presumably due to the increased efficiency of radiative levitation at lower intrinsic [Fe/H]. We also see evidence for faster stellar rotation explicitly preventing the onset of the diffusion mechanisms among a subset of the hotter stars.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figure, 1 table, accepted to ApJ

Helium-rich EHB Stars in Globular Clusters

Recent UV observations of the most massive Galactic globular clusters show a significant population of hot stars below the zero-age HB (``blue hook'' stars), which cannot be explained by canonical stellar evolution. Stars which suffer unusually large mass loss on the red giant branch and thus experience the helium-core flash while descending the white dwarf cooling curve could populate this region. They should show higher temperatures than the hottest canonical HB stars and their atmospheres should be helium-rich and probably C/N-rich. We have obtained spectra of blue hook stars in omega Cen and NGC 2808 to test this possibility. Our analysis shows that the blue hook stars in these clusters reach effective temperatures well beyond the hot end of the canonical EHB and have higher helium abundances than canonical EHB stars. These results support the hypothesis that the blue hook stars arise from stars which ignite helium on the white dwarf cooling curve.Comment: LaTeX, 8 pages, 3 figures, uses Kluwer style files (included), to appear in "Extreme Horizontal Branch Stars and Related Objects", Astrophysics and Space Science, Kluwer Academic Publishers, proceedings of the meeting held in Keele, UK, June 16-20, 200

Spectroscopy of horizontal branch stars in NGC6752 - Anomalous results on atmospheric parameters and masses

We used the ESO VLT-FORS2 facility to collect low-resolution spectra of 51 targets distributed along the Horizontal Branch. We determined atmospheric parameters by comparison with theoretical models through standard fitting routines, and masses by basic equations. Results are in general in good agreement with previous works, although not always with theoretical expectations for cooler stars (Teff<15000 K). The calculated color excess is systematically lower than literature values, pointing towards a possible underestimation of effective temperatures. Moreover, we find two groups of stars at Teff=14000 K and at Teff=27000$ K that present anomalies with respect to the general trend and expectations. We suppose that the three peculiar bright stars at Teff=14000 K are probably affected by an enhanced stellar wind. For the eight Extreme Horizontal Branch stars at Teff=27000 K which show unusually high masses we find no plausible explanation. While most of our results agree well with the predictions of standard horizontal branch evolution, we still have problems with the low masses we derive in certain temperature ranges. We believe that Kurucz ATLAS9 LTE model atmospheres with solar-scaled abundances are probably inadequate for these temperature ranges. Concerning the group of anomalous stars at Teff=27000 K, a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicates that there is only an 8.4% probability that these stars are randomly drawn from the general distribution in the color-magnitude diagram. This is not conclusive but points out that these stars could be both (and independently) spectroscopically and photometrically peculiar with respect to the general Extreme Horizontal Branch population.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, accepted for pubblication in A&A. Replaced for typos and better LaTeX outpu