Nitrate pollution of Neogene alluvium aquifer in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania

Concern over nitrate pollution of groundwater in integrated water quality management has been growing recently. The levels of nitrate in wells from septic tanks and urban agriculture with nitrogen fertilizers application may increase the potential groundwater pollution by nitrate. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations and spatial distribution of nitrate (NO3 -) in groundwater in Morogoro municipality. Groundwater samples were collected from 20 wells during wet season period in March-April 2010 in 6 wards namely Kihonda, Mji Mpya, Mafisa, Saba Saba, Boma and Kilakala. The spectrophotometer was used to measure the NO3 - concentration in water samples. The minimum and maximum nitrate levels were 1.4 and 32.5 mg/L respectively in the wards studied with an average of 7.76 mg/L. These results showed that all of the groundwater samples have NO3 - concentration below the Tanzania Bureau of Standards upper limit value and World Health Organization guideline of 75 mg/l and 50 mg/l respectively. Also, the level of nitrate concentration tends to decrease with depth for most of the places due to the anoxic condition that is available at the higher depth which facilitates the utilization of nitrate by anaerobic microorganisms

A multi-perspective discourse on the sustainability of water and sanitation service co-production in Global South cities

The article contributes to the debate on the sustainable provision of water supply and sanitation (WSS) services in Global South cities by developing a comprehensive understanding of the concept of sustainability when applied to the analysis of WSS co-production in these contexts. The study moves from the hypothesis that an integrated conceptualization of WSS co-production requires a re-discussion of evaluation approaches to questioning the sustainability of these unorthodox forms of service delivery. To this end, the study explores key dimensions of service sustainability through a complementary reading of the processes and the outcomes of WSS co-production practices on the basis of three theoretical perspectives: a governance-institutional, a socio/political-ecological and an incremental-urban. The objective is to frame a series of principles and criteria relevant for assessing the sustainability of WSS service co-production in Global South cities. The analysis is based on a systematic review of cross-cutting literatures on service co-production in the Global South, sustainable urban water management and urban studies. The review is integrated with empirical insights from four city-case studies of WSS co-production in the Global South, namely Hanoi (Vietnam), Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), Cochabamba (Bolivia) and Dar es Salaam (Tanzania).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe