G_matrix

Additive genetic variance-covariance square matrix for skull shape

P_matrix

Phenotypic genetic variance-covariance square matrix for skull shape

Sexual dimporphism on fWHR across socio-cultural categories.

<p>Box and whisker plots of a) fWHR sexual dimorphism in samples belonging to three different socio-cultural categories: HG: hunter-gatherers; F: farmers; SS: state societies. b) fWHR values of males from the Mexican general population (GP), males prosecuted by homicide (H), robbery (R) and other minor faults (O). Square: mean; box: standard error; whisker: standard deviation. c) Regression of fWHR on fitness, estimated as lifetime reproductive success (LRS, number of children raised to adulthood).</p

Databases used in this study. Population lists for each database are provided in Table S1.

1<p>: computed across all indices and across all populations.</p>2<p>: computed across all populations.</p>3<p>: computed across all indices. Indices definitions are as follows: WHR: Width-to heigth ratio, bizygomatic breadth/nasion-prosthion height; CI: Cephalic index, maximum cranial breadth ×100/maximum cranial length; CHLI: Cranial height-length, height (from bregma to basion or porion) ×100/maximum cranial length; CBHI: Cranial breadth-height, maximum cranial height ×100/maximum cranial breadth; CTI: Craniofacial transverse index, bizygomatic breadth ×100/maximum cranial breadth; GI: Gnathic index, basion-prosthion length ×100/basion-nasion length; JFI: Jugofrontal index, minimum frontal breadth ×100/bizygomatic breadth; OI: Orbital index: maximum orbital height ×100/maximum orbital breadth; NI: Nasal index: maximum nasal breadth ×100/nasal height; GP: Glabellar projection index, glabella-opisthocranion length/nasionopisthocranion length; NVI: Neurocranial volumetric index; FVI: Facial volumetric index; NFI: Neurofacial index; ANVI: Anteroneural volumetric index; MNVI: Midneural volumetric index; PNVI: Posteroneural volumetric index; OTVI: Otic volumetric index; OVI: Optic volumetric index; RVI: Respiratory volumetric index; MVI: Masticatory volumetric index; AVI: Alveolar volumetric index; ANMI: Anteroneural morphometric index; MNMI: Midneural morphometric index; PNMI: Posteroneural morphometric index; OTMI: Otic morphometric index; OMI: Optic morphometric index; RMI: Respiratory morphometric index; MMI: Masticatory morphometric index; AMI: Alveolar morphometric.</p

Sexual dimporphism on fWHR and further cranial indices.

<p>Box and whisker plots of global sexual dimorphism computed across the different databases. Indices that differed significantly among sexes (after t-test for independent samples) are shown in solid grey. A) Howells database; b) Pucciarelli database, c) 2D Geometric Morphometric database, d) 3D Geometric Morphometric database, e) Patagonian groups database. Square: median; box: 25%–75%; whisker: minimum-maximum values.</p