Entrepreneurship in national economics: significance and potential of development

The purpose of the study was to develop proposals for the use of two comprehensive indexes to assess the social significance and the existing potential for entrepreneurship development in different countries. The study used information provided in the report on the Global entrepreneurship monitoring project. At the same time, the opinions of residents of 48 countries for 2018 were considered. The first index included four indicators, and the second index included five indicators. Mathematical models were developed and the values of these two complex indexes were calculated. The average values of the indexes and their ranges of change for most countries are determined. Lists of countries with high and low index values are given. A comparative analysis of the values of complex indexes typical for Russia and other countries is presented. The results of research are new and original, have scientific and practical significance

Arabic loanwords in Tatar and Swahili: Morphological assimilation

© the author(s). This article deals with the analysis of the morphological assimilation of Arabic loanwords into Tatar, Altai language family, and Swahili, Bantu language family. The urgency of this review is caused by the fact that the formation of both Tatar and Swahili was influenced by Arabic, which had profoundly influenced them in religious, scientific, cultural and economic aspects. In this paper we apply the comparative approach that is aimed at finding isomorphic and allomorphic features in the languages studied and identifying their peculiarities in the process of Arabic vocabulary assimilation. The morphological assimilation of Arabic loanwords into these languages is realized by verbal nouns, participles, nouns denoting place and action. One of the isomorphic features of the recipient languages is the absence of the category of gender both in Tatar and Swahili; among the allomorphic peculiarities are postposition of adjectives after nouns in Swahili and the use of compound verbs with Arabic nouns as their stems in Tatar. The results of the research will contribute to the loanword studies in these unrelated languages

The concept and methodology of the restoration of small lakes

Based on the global, domestic, and regional experience of the restoration of lake ecosystems, the concept and methodology of the restoration of small freshwater lakes was proposed. Scientific and theoretical foundations, objectives, tasks, principles, and criteria of restoration were determined. The methodology of restoration is based upon the choice of methods depending on the indices of ecological state of water bodies

Communities of zooplankton in lakes in the course of their contamination and restoration

Long-standing investigations were carried out on the example of three model lakes differing in the level of their anthropic load. Based on the data obtained, it has been found that indices of zooplanktonic communities can be used in evaluating changes of the ecological state of lakes after improving their sanitary conditions

The review of arabic proverb studies by the arabs and non-arabs

© Journal of Language and Literature. This article deals with the analyses of different approaches to the Arabic proverb studies. The Arabic proverbs reflecting the culture of the Arabs have been studied from various perspectives by Arabic and Non-Arabic scientists. Our research involves lexicographic, scientific, linguistic, translational, syntactic, sociopsychological and comparative approach reviews. The aim of this study is to clarify the existing approaches to the phenomenon analyzed and to structuralize the data in this field into thematic groups. The Arabic scientists resorted to lexicographic and scientific approaches; the Non-Arabic scientists used translational, syntactic and sociopsychological approaches to the proverb studies. This paper also highlights the syntactic approach to the proverbs with zoonym component that is under our consideration

Study of effectiveness of local regulation policy regarding the implementation of free Area From Tobacco (AFT) policy for reducing of active smoker in West Sumatera in 2013

Background: Area free from tobacco (AFT) policy is the only effective and inexpensive way to protect the public from the dangers of second hand smoke. In West Sumatra there are three cities that have local regulation on this, namely Padang, Panjang Padang, and Payakumbuh, but in reality the policy has not been able to reduce the active smokers. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of AFT policy in reducing smokers active beside its effectiveness to protect the public from the dangers of second hand smoker in West Sumatera. Methods: The study was conducted with the method, a mix of quantitative and qualitative research with explanatory design. Data collection was conducted in the city of Padang, Padang Panjang and Payakumbuh. Quantitative data from 100 persons were collected using a questionnaire, while the qualitative data was collected through in-depth interviews. Informants in each city are representatives of Department of Health, professional organizations, community leaders, smokers and focus group discussions. Some secondary data are obtained through documents review related to the implementation of AFT. The quantitative data is analysed using univariate analysis, and the qualitative data is analysed using content analysis. Results: Based on the quantitative data it can be seen that in three cities in West Sumatera the smoker rate are 59%. In Padang Panjang, the regulation has been proceeded succesfuly due to the commitment of the Mayor and the legislative parlement in implementing the policies that there should not be any tobacco advertising as well as sanctions for smokers, especially for employees who smoke at the office or at school, according to the law no. 8/2009; suf ficient funds are available for socialization and supervision AFT, a total of Rp75.000.000,00 collected from tobbacco fundation and Rp24.000.000,00 from the budget. In Payakumbuh there is also the commitment of the Mayor and the support of the Health Department according to the Regulation of Area Free tobbacco no 15/2011. Establishment of Supervisory Team for AFT with funds allocated for socialization and supervision, a total amount of Rp341.278.129,00. Padang has not yet applying the AFT policy in government offices and schools, only in private sector such as bank. Tobacco advertising still exists and there is no sanction for smokers despite the existing Regulation No. AFF 14/2011 with accompanying funds provided Rp85.000.000,00. The study shows that the majority (60%) public opinion support the implementation of AFT. Some (51%) of the public say that AFT is effective enough to reduce active smoker, over half of respondents thought AFT should apply to a particular location. According to 59% of respondents, smoking in public places should be given sanction. In Padang Panjang there is a monitoring service via SMS and phone to report breach of the regulation so that the Mayor may impose sanctions. In Payakumbuh a similar system exist through reports and spot checks. Violaters of the regulation are given sanction by the mayor. In Padang city, sanctions have not been given. The local government regulation in banning advertising and promotion of cigarettes is implemented in two cities, the city of Padang Panjang and Payakumbuh. Some factors that affect the implementation of AFT are dependent on the commitment and the role of District mayor, as well as the need for community empowerment.. Conclusion: It is concluded that the AFT policy without the commitment and support of all parties to the implementation of AFT difficult. AFT can be effective to protect the second hand smokers and it has potential to reduce active smokers

Gradability and intensification of the language quantity (on the materials of English, Russian and Japanese)

The languages under consideration possess numerous lexical as well as grammatical groups of quantity representation. English, Russian and Japanese are exuberant in pure quantification markers and markers of gradability which do not have pure quantitative meaning, but correlate with it. Gradability is connected with norm aberration, marking a 'more than the norm' or 'less than the norm' situation. Intensification is not only norm deflection, but also a kind of evaluation. The role of context is by all means of paramount importance when defining positive or negative types of evaluation

The verb-noun agreement in english and arabic

© Journal of Language and Literature. This article deals with comparing two quite different languages - English and Arabic - in the field of the verb quantity. Our research involves morphology, syntax and semantics. The hypothesis that richer morphology reduces notional effects during agreement production within and across languages is the central idea of this study. In the course of time the English language has changed from grammatical into lexical one and currently has few morphological means to express different grammatical meanings but more hidden notional features involved in subject-verb agreement. The notional features are manifested in the so-called "agreement attraction", the cases of imbalance in subject-predicate and collective-verb agreement. The graphic style of thinking of the Arabs penetrates into the verb number category, displayed by the diversity of morphological markers and peculiar full person-number-gender or partial person-gender agreement depending on the sentence word order and subject's belonging to the category of Human or non-Human nouns. Verb number phenomenon is highly complex, but despite this complexity it is systematic

Mastering English as a second language via the parallels with the native language (using project work)

The article deals with the strategies of studying foreign languages with the help of the project method. We propose that the study of phraseological units (e.g. those with the "black/white" color component) in the English language could be well accomplished with the help of native languages (e.g. Russian and Tatar) in a bilingual environment. The research is conducted among the 11th graders of a Tatarstan high school in which Russian and Tatar are the two native languages. One of the results of the research is that the students' activity in searching, collecting, and analyzing the language material should be fully independent from the tutor's guidance. The tutor's role is merely organizational. The revealed parallels in the connotations of the phraseological units taken from English, Russian and Tatar make for the better acquisition of the foreign language (English) as well as for the deeper understanding of the native languages (Russian and Tatar). Another result is that white and black colors have more or less analogical impact on the representatives of English and Russian/Tatar cultures