Hopelessness Depression as a Predictive Risk Factor for Recidivism and Survival Time Among Juvenile Offenders

In the United States, there is a high incidence of recidivism among juvenile offenders with mental health disorders. This is a critical social issue facing the public and the Department of Juvenile Justice Administration today. However, research is not clear on the role of psychological factors in recidivism frequency and survival time. The purpose of this study was to examine whether hopelessness depression, as measured by suicidal-ideation, depression-anxiety, anger-irritation, and alcohol-drug use, and offense type, were predictors of recidivism frequency and survival time when controlling for age, gender, and race. The total sample consisted of archival data from 404 juvenile offenders between the ages 13 and 19, who were detainees in the Juvenile Detention facility between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012. Data consisted of scores from the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument, which is part of the standard intake screening at time of booking. A hierarchical regression analysis indicated a collective significant predictive relationship between age, gender, race, suicidal-ideation, depression-anxiety, anger-irritation, alcohol-drug-use, and recidivism frequency and survival time. Posthoc analyses of variance indicated statistically significant differences in alcohol-drug-use and anger-irritation levels between races. However, the multiple linear regression indicated that suicidal-ideation and depression-anxiety did not significantly predict either recidivism frequency or survival time. Results could enable juvenile justice staff to detect hopelessness depression among juvenile reoffenders at an earlier stage and offer better treatment aimed at reducing future occurrences of youth recidivism, thereby benefitting individuals as well as society

Implant Strategies on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Steers

A 145-day finishing trial was conducted to evaluate implant strategies on performance and carcass characteristics of yearling steers. Implanting steers with Synovex® C initially and then reimplanting with Synovex® Plus 75 days prior to slaughter improved feed efficiency compared to a single implant of Synovex® Plus or a reimplant program using Synovex® S. Carcass quality, as measured by the percentage USDA Choice carcasses and marbling scores, was unaffected by implant strategy. However, implanting steers with Synovex® PlusTM as a single implant or in a reimplant program increased profitability because feed efficiency and carcass weight were increased without decreasing carcass merit

Phase-feeding Metabolizable Protein for Finishing Steers

A finishing trial was conducted to evaluate phase-feeding of metabolizable protein in order to match requirements. Treatments were: 1) one finishing diet which matched requirements at initial weight; 2) one finishing diet which matched requirements at mid-weight; and 3) six finishing diets fed in sequential order which matched requirements throughout the feeding period. The 1996 Beef NRC was used to determine metabolizable protein requirements. No performance differences were observed. Gains and efficiencies were lower than projected, likely due to mud, causing protein requirements to be over-predicted. Phase-feeding metabolizable protein maintained equal performance and reduced nitrogen excretion compared to treatment 1

Phase-feeding Metabolizable Protein for Finishing Steers

A finishing trial was conducted to evaluate phase-feeding of metabolizable protein in order to match requirements. Treatments were: 1) one finishing diet which matched requirements at initial weight; 2) one finishing diet which matched requirements at mid-weight; and 3) six finishing diets fed in sequential order which matched requirements throughout the feeding period. The 1996 Beef NRC was used to determine metabolizable protein requirements. No performance differences were observed. Gains and efficiencies were lower than projected, likely due to mud, causing protein requirements to be over-predicted. Phase-feeding metabolizable protein maintained equal performance and reduced nitrogen excretion compared to treatment 1

Boron-Carbohydrate Interactions

Boron-polyol interactions are of fundamental importance to human health [1], plant growth [2] and quorum sensing among certain bacteria [3]. Such diversity is perhaps not surprising when one considers boron is one of the ten most abundant elements in sea water and carbohydrates make up the planet’s most abundant class of biomass. Several boronic acids matrices are commercially available for the purification of glycoproteins by affinity chromatography [4], and boronic acids are also useful carbohydrate protecting groups.[5,6] Recently, complexes between boron and sugars have become a lynchpin for the development of synthetic carbohydrate receptors.[7] These complexes involve covalent interactions that are reversible in aqueous solution. This chapter reviews current understanding of these processes, provides a historical perspective on their discovery, identifies methods for studying these complexes and classifies these interactions by carbohydrate type. Such information is key to the design and synthesis of synthetic lectins, also termed “boronolectins” when containing boron [7].Office of the Snr Dep Vice Chancellor, Institute for GlycomicsFull Tex

Crop Quality and Utilization: A Twelve-Hour In Vitro Procedure for Sorghum Grain Feed Quality Assessment

Improvedmethods for assessing cereal crop feed value are a prerequisite for the genetic improvement of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] feed value. Rate of starch digestion is now commonly believed to be the limiting factor in sorghum utilization by cattle (Bos taurus). However, techniques to assess this trait are not useful to sorghum breeders because of high labor inputs, lab error associated with starch measurement, and need for high numbers of replications. The objective of this study was to develop a simple technique capable of identifying differences in digestion between sorghum and corn (Zea mays L.) and detecting differences among sorghum genotypes. In vitro starch and dry matter digestion were measured on sorghum and corn lab standards at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 40 h. Maximum differentiation between corn and sorghum dry matter digestion (345 vs. 253 g kg21) and starch digestion (403 vs. 301 g kg21) occurred at 12 h, and dry matter and starch digestion were highly correlated. Differences among five sorghum lines were significant for 12-h dry matter digestion and ranged from 229 to 272 g kg21. This procedure provides a precise and rapid technique that can be used by feed grain breeders to evaluate modifications in grain digestion parameters

Wet Corn Gluten Feed Supplementation of Calves Grazing Corn Residue

Incremental levels of wet corn gluten feed were fed to calves grazing corn residues. Based on statistical and economical analysis of the data collected, feeding wet corn gluten feed (5.0-6.5 lb/ head/day; DM basis) will increase stocking rate on corn residue and reduce winter costs by 11%. Given that 3.5 lb DM/day wet corn gluten feed will meet the protein and phosphorus needs of calves, and feeding above 6.0 lb/d will not increase gains, wet corn gluten feed should be fed at 3.5-6.0 lb DM/day, producing gains from 1.28- 1.88 lb/day

The Effect of Feeding Pressed Sugar Beet Pulp in Beef Cattle Feedlot Finishing Diets

When the two trials were analyzed together, average daily gain was higher in the corn silage treatment compared to the two levels of beet pulp. However, feed to gain conversions between the treatments were not different. Beet pulp can serve as a substitute for corn silage and even though dry matter intake may be slightly affected, feed efficiency will be equal

Effects of Matching Protein to Requirements on Performance and Waste Management in the Feedlot

Four experiments were conducted, two with calves in the winter/spring and two with yearlings during the summer, to evaluate the effects of decreasing protein levels on nutrient balance in the feedlot. The control diet was formulated for 13.5 percent protein; the experimental diets were formulated using the 1996 NRC model to predict protein requirements. Nutrient balances for organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) were measured. Nitrogen intake and subsequent excretion were decreased with steers fed the experimental treatment. During the summer more N was removed from pens on the experimental treatment since OM excretion was greater which led to decreased N volatilization. N losses were lower in the winter/spring feeding periods when expressed as percentage volatilized

Effects of Matching Protein to Requirements on Performance and Waste Management in the Feedlot

Four experiments were conducted, two with calves in the winter/spring and two with yearlings during the summer, to evaluate the effects of decreasing protein levels on nutrient balance in the feedlot. The control diet was formulated for 13.5 percent protein; the experimental diets were formulated using the 1996 NRC model to predict protein requirements. Nutrient balances for organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) were measured. Nitrogen intake and subsequent excretion were decreased with steers fed the experimental treatment. During the summer more N was removed from pens on the experimental treatment since OM excretion was greater which led to decreased N volatilization. N losses were lower in the winter/spring feeding periods when expressed as percentage volatilized