Appropriate Gene Symbols in Teaching Genetics

Choice of appropriate gene symbols in teaching general genetics avoids misinterpretation and misleading conclusions that are otherwise frequent. Lack of consistency in textbooks, especially with the wild-type standard concept, misdirects the student into confusing dominance with epistasis, as well as allelism with independence. The similar fallacy of ”dominant white in White Leghorns is clarified as an interaction white by appropriate choice of symbols. Use of the wild-type standard method, basic in choosing symbols, allows a drastic reduction in the number of crosses necessary in comparing different stocks for genetic differences. Two related sets of rules are suggested for choosing appropriate gene symbols

Pedigree Style in Teaching Genetics

A single pedigree style, the arrow or network method, is presented that is generally superior to, or as useful as, the other commonly used methods in teaching genetics. It is adaptable to all uses of pedigrees and necessary in some. Clarity of inbred relationships, generation overlap, and lack of the need for right angle turns are the major advantages

Purebred?

A notion of purity and connotations of cleanliness, neatness, stability, uniformity, worthiness and admirable values click through our mental processes. After all, that\u27s what we learn in biology, especially the genetic section, don\u27t we? Well, maybe it\u27s colored a bit by the horticulturalists\u27 and stock breeders\u27 influence, and dog and cat fanciers who want pedigree papers and conformity to some arbitrary standard. Poultry and small pet fanciers have about the same attitude, but rely less on papers. But purebred is jargon--at worst meaningless in the context of conflicting usages, and contemptuous in use by a more sophisticated group--breeders or teachers versus laymen or students. At best, it is peculiar to the biologist\u27s profession of one type or another

New transferrin phenotypes of white-tailed deer

Quince fenotipos de transferrinas fueron hallados en 88 muestras de plasma provenientes de ciervos "cola blanca" (white-tailed deer), utilizando un método electro forético modificado. Siete presumibles tipos homocigotes, incluyendo aquellos descubiertos por un método anterior, indujeron a la predicción de 28 fenotipos. Tres de estos 7 presumibles aleles, controlan un fenotipo de 2 bandas, 3 aleles controlan un fenotipo de 3 bandas y finalmente un alele que controla un fenotipo de 4 bandas. Parece ser que los efectos de dosaje, se presentan más pronunciados en este maternal que en el trabajo anterior.Fifteen transferrin phenotypes were disclosed with 88 samples of plasma from white-tailed deer by using a modification of an electrophoretic method. Seven presumed homozygous types, including those disclosed by an older method, lead to a prediction of 28 phenotypes. Three of the 7 presumed alleles controlled a 2-band phenotype, 3 alleles controlled a 3-band phenotype, and 1 allele controlled a 4-band phenotype. Dosage effects seemed more prominent in this material than in previous work.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

New transferrin phenotypes of white-tailed deer

Quince fenotipos de transferrinas fueron hallados en 88 muestras de plasma provenientes de ciervos "cola blanca" (white-tailed deer), utilizando un método electro forético modificado. Siete presumibles tipos homocigotes, incluyendo aquellos descubiertos por un método anterior, indujeron a la predicción de 28 fenotipos. Tres de estos 7 presumibles aleles, controlan un fenotipo de 2 bandas, 3 aleles controlan un fenotipo de 3 bandas y finalmente un alele que controla un fenotipo de 4 bandas. Parece ser que los efectos de dosaje, se presentan más pronunciados en este maternal que en el trabajo anterior.Fifteen transferrin phenotypes were disclosed with 88 samples of plasma from white-tailed deer by using a modification of an electrophoretic method. Seven presumed homozygous types, including those disclosed by an older method, lead to a prediction of 28 phenotypes. Three of the 7 presumed alleles controlled a 2-band phenotype, 3 alleles controlled a 3-band phenotype, and 1 allele controlled a 4-band phenotype. Dosage effects seemed more prominent in this material than in previous work.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Y-linked on holandric antigen study

Los caracteres genéticos que son heredados "ligados al sexo", en moscas y mamíferos están controlados por genes localizados en el cromosoma X (cromosoma Z de aves), en contraste a los genes que se sitúan en los cromosomas no-sexuales o autosomales. Se considera que son muy pocos los rasgos controlables por genes ubicados en el cromosoma Y (alternativa en la herencia para X) o en el cromosoma W en aves (alternativa para Z). FOX et. al. (1965) encontró un posible antígeno ligado a Y en Drosofila, y CELADA y WELSHONS (1962) detectaron uno en lauchas. Si el control genético de los antígenos ligados al cromosoma Y, se demuestra simple y "dominante" en contraste con su ausencia, actuando de manera similar a como lo hacen la mayoría de los genes que controlan los antígenos, podemos suponer que las sustancias transportadoras de anti-Y o anti-W absorbidas por células XX o ZZ (es decir, provenientes de estas fuentes), están capacitadas para liberar un "reactivo especifico" que controle los antígenos Y o W.Genetic characters which are inherited in a "sex - linked" manner are controlled by genes located on the X chromosome of flies and mammals (the Z chromosome of birds) in contrast to genes on the non -sex chromosomes or the autosomes. A very few traits may be controlled by genes on the Y chromosome (alternative in inheritance to X) or the W chromosome in birds (alternative to Z). FOX et al. (1959) found such a possible Y-linked antigen in Drosophila, and CELADA and VVELSHONS (1962) found one in mice. If genetic control of Y-linked antigens is simple, and "dominant" to its absence like most antigen controlled genes, then anti-Y or anti-W carrying tissue absorbed by cells of XX or ZZ source should leave a reagent specific for the Y or W controlled anti gen.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Algunas transferrinas no comunes en bovinos

En un "muestreo" de 3.000 bovinos de distintas razas y mestizos provenientes de la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria de Balcarce (I.N.T.A.), (años 1970-1971), fueron detectados 10 fenotipos de Transferrinas "no-comunes" en esta especie animal. Uno de los fenotipos aparece con dos bandas proteicas lentas D 2 de las cuatro normales, constituyendo un tipo anormal de acuerdo con SPOONER Y RAXTER (1969. Estos autores refieren la acción de un gene epistático recesivo que afecta al ácido siálico vinculado a las dos bandas más veloces. Otros fenotipos se expresan con bandas agregadas y desplazamientos electroforéticos sobre gel de almidón hidrolizado, no coincidentes con los fenotipos conocidos. Frente a la inusitada rareza de los fenotipos observados, se decidió confirmar el hallazgo por marcación con Fe 59, demostrándose la veracidad del descubrimiento en vacunos de nuestro país.In a sample of 3.000 bovines of different breeds and half-breeds from the Estación Experimental Agropecuaria de Balcarce, I.N T A., (years 1970-1971), were detected 10 "not-common" Transferrin phenotypes in this animal species. One of the D 2 phenotypes appears with only two élow protein bands and not the four normal bands, constituting an anormal type according with SPOONER AND BAXTER (1969). These authors refer the recessive epistatic gene action affecting the sialic acid binding to the two faster protein bands. Other phenotypes are expressed with aggregated bands and electrophoretic displacement on hydrolyzed starch gel not-coincident with the acquainted phenotypes. Because of the unusual rarity of the observed phenotypes, it was decided to confirm the finding with Fe 59 added to every serum demonstrating the veracity of the discovery in bovines of our country.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Y-linked on holandric antigen study

Los caracteres genéticos que son heredados "ligados al sexo", en moscas y mamíferos están controlados por genes localizados en el cromosoma X (cromosoma Z de aves), en contraste a los genes que se sitúan en los cromosomas no-sexuales o autosomales. Se considera que son muy pocos los rasgos controlables por genes ubicados en el cromosoma Y (alternativa en la herencia para X) o en el cromosoma W en aves (alternativa para Z). FOX et. al. (1965) encontró un posible antígeno ligado a Y en Drosofila, y CELADA y WELSHONS (1962) detectaron uno en lauchas. Si el control genético de los antígenos ligados al cromosoma Y, se demuestra simple y "dominante" en contraste con su ausencia, actuando de manera similar a como lo hacen la mayoría de los genes que controlan los antígenos, podemos suponer que las sustancias transportadoras de anti-Y o anti-W absorbidas por células XX o ZZ (es decir, provenientes de estas fuentes), están capacitadas para liberar un "reactivo especifico" que controle los antígenos Y o W.Genetic characters which are inherited in a "sex - linked" manner are controlled by genes located on the X chromosome of flies and mammals (the Z chromosome of birds) in contrast to genes on the non -sex chromosomes or the autosomes. A very few traits may be controlled by genes on the Y chromosome (alternative in inheritance to X) or the W chromosome in birds (alternative to Z). FOX et al. (1959) found such a possible Y-linked antigen in Drosophila, and CELADA and VVELSHONS (1962) found one in mice. If genetic control of Y-linked antigens is simple, and "dominant" to its absence like most antigen controlled genes, then anti-Y or anti-W carrying tissue absorbed by cells of XX or ZZ source should leave a reagent specific for the Y or W controlled anti gen.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Y-linked on holandric antigen study

Los caracteres genéticos que son heredados "ligados al sexo", en moscas y mamíferos están controlados por genes localizados en el cromosoma X (cromosoma Z de aves), en contraste a los genes que se sitúan en los cromosomas no-sexuales o autosomales. Se considera que son muy pocos los rasgos controlables por genes ubicados en el cromosoma Y (alternativa en la herencia para X) o en el cromosoma W en aves (alternativa para Z). FOX et. al. (1965) encontró un posible antígeno ligado a Y en Drosofila, y CELADA y WELSHONS (1962) detectaron uno en lauchas. Si el control genético de los antígenos ligados al cromosoma Y, se demuestra simple y "dominante" en contraste con su ausencia, actuando de manera similar a como lo hacen la mayoría de los genes que controlan los antígenos, podemos suponer que las sustancias transportadoras de anti-Y o anti-W absorbidas por células XX o ZZ (es decir, provenientes de estas fuentes), están capacitadas para liberar un "reactivo especifico" que controle los antígenos Y o W.Genetic characters which are inherited in a "sex - linked" manner are controlled by genes located on the X chromosome of flies and mammals (the Z chromosome of birds) in contrast to genes on the non -sex chromosomes or the autosomes. A very few traits may be controlled by genes on the Y chromosome (alternative in inheritance to X) or the W chromosome in birds (alternative to Z). FOX et al. (1959) found such a possible Y-linked antigen in Drosophila, and CELADA and VVELSHONS (1962) found one in mice. If genetic control of Y-linked antigens is simple, and "dominant" to its absence like most antigen controlled genes, then anti-Y or anti-W carrying tissue absorbed by cells of XX or ZZ source should leave a reagent specific for the Y or W controlled anti gen.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

The ABO\u27s of Blood Types

For high school age students the blood types can be a useful introduction to heredity. It has been shown, for example, that if both parents are type O, their children must all be type O: it is recessive to A and to B