Preservice teachers’ pictorial strategies for a multistep multiplicative fraction problem

Previous research has documented that preservice teachers (PSTs) struggle with under- standing fraction concepts and operations, and misconceptions often stem from their understanding of the referent whole. This study expands research on PSTs’ understanding of wholes by investigating pictorial strategies that 85 PSTs constructed for a multistep fraction task in a multiplicative context. The results show that many PSTs were able to construct valid pictorial strategies, and the strategies were widely diverse with respect to how they made sense of an unknown referent whole of a fraction in multiple steps, how they represented the wholes in their drawings, in which order they did multiple steps, and which type of model they used (area or set). Based on their wide range of pictorial strategies, we discuss potential benefits of PSTs’ construction of their own representations for a word problem in developing problem solving skills

Adjusting Community Survey Data Benchmarks for External Factors

Abstract. Using U.S. resident survey data from the National Community Survey in combination with public data from the U.S. Census and additional sources, a Voting Regressor Model was developed to establish fair benchmark values for city performance. These benchmarks were adjusted for characteristics the city cannot easily influence that contribute to confidence in local government, such as population size, demographics, and income. This adjustment allows for a more meaningful comparison and interpretation of survey results among individual cities. Methods explored for the benchmark adjustment included cluster analysis, anomaly detection, and a variety of regression techniques, including random forest, ridge, decision tree, support vector, gradient boosting, KNN, and ensembles. The final models used ensemble regression methods to predict trust in government and identify important features and cluster analysis to assign similar cities to clusters for comparison. The voting regression model predictions were compared to the actual raw scores, and cities that scored significantly above and below predictions were identified. These overperformers and underperformers may have additional factors not accounted for within the model contributing to their score

Assessing the consistency of stream ecosystem characteristics in accounting for variation in trout abundance between summers with low versus high flow conditions

Water availability is a controlling factor in stream ecosystems with direct influences on habitat and aquatic ecosystem process, but little work has been done evaluating how biota respond to natural variations in low flow conditions during summer, and which biotic or abiotic features in the system may link most closely to aquatic vertebrates. I focus here on differences in biomass and abundance of salmonids in 16 streams in western Oregon across two years with distinctly different flow regimes that fall within the natural range of variation for summer flows in this region. Habitat is expected to be particularly important under low-flow conditions, so under higher flow conditions that provide adequate coastal cutthroat trout habitat, other factors such as food resources may be more limiting, and therefore more closely associated with local fish abundances. I found weak support for our hypotheses, but overall, the responses were not consistent across abundance or biomass density. Based on these results, I conclude that the lack of a shift towards or from any clear associations with changes in flow indicates that the system is resilient to the range of flows observed here, and/or that factors not included in my assessment are influencing trout populations.Keywords: summer low flow, coastal cutthroat trout, abiotic characteristics, biotic characteristics, forested streams, headwater stream

Using Photovoice methodology for community growth: A Workshop for Al- Manaar- The Muslim-Cultural Heritage Centre

This is a train the trainer workshop on photovoice methodology. The workshop incorporates an introduction and practice of photo literacy, photo dialogues, picture captioning, picture uploading to online software platforms and implications for training others

How do naloxone-based interventions work to reduce overdose deaths: a realist review

BACKGROUND: Naloxone-based interventions as part of health systems can reverse an opioid overdose. Previous systematic reviews have identified the effectiveness of naloxone; however, the role of context and mechanisms for its use has not been explored. This realist systematic review aims to identify a theory of how naloxone works based on the contexts and mechanisms that contribute to the success of the intervention for improved outcomes. METHODS: Pre-registered at PROSPERO, this realist review followed RAMESES standards of reporting. Keywords included 'naloxone' and ' opioid overdose'. All study designs were included. Data extraction using 55 relevant outputs based on realist logic produced evidence of two middle-range theories: Naloxone Bystander Intervention Theory and Skills Transfer Theory. RESULTS: Harm reduction and/or low threshold contexts provide a non-judgemental approach which support in-group norms of helping and empower the social identity of the trained and untrained bystander. This context also creates the conditions necessary for skills transfer and diffusion of the intervention into social networks. Stigma and negative attitudes held by first responders and stakeholders involved in the implementation process, such as police or GPs, can prohibit the bystander response by inducing fear in responding. This interferes with skills transfer, naloxone use and carriage of naloxone kits. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide theoretically informed guidance regarding the harm reduction contexts that are essential for the successful implementation of naloxone-based interventions. Peer-to-peer models of training are helpful as it reinforces social identity and successful skills transfer between bystanders. Health systems may want to assess the prevalence of, and take steps to reduce opioid-related stigma with key stakeholders in contexts using a low threshold training approach to build an environment  to support positive naloxone outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO 2019 CRD42019141003. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12954-022-00599-4

A comparison of race-related pain stereotypes held by White and Black individuals

Pain judgments are the basis for pain management. The purpose of this study was to assess Black and White participants’ race-related pain stereotypes. Undergraduates (n=551) rated the pain sensitivity and willingness to report pain for the typical Black person, White person, and themselves. Participants, regardless of race, rated the typical White person as being more pain sensitive and more willing to report pain than the typical Black person. White participants rated themselves as less sensitive and less willing to report pain than same-race peers; however, Black participants rated themselves as more pain sensitive and more willing to report pain than same-race peers. These findings highlight similarities and differences in racial stereotypic pain beliefs held by Black and White individuals

Nucleosynthesis in Outflows from Black Hole-Neutron Star Merger Disks With Full GRν\nuRMHD

Along with binary neutron star mergers, the in-spiral and merger of a black hole and a neutron star is a predicted site of $r$-process nucleosynthesis and associated kilonovae. For the right mass ratio, very large amounts of neutron rich material may become unbound from the post-merger accretion disk. We simulate a suite of four post-merger disks with full-transport general relativistic neutrino radiation magnetohydrodynamics. We find that the outflows from these disks are very close to the threshold conditions for robust $r$-process nucleosynthesis. For these conditions, the detailed properties of the outflow determine whether a full $r$-process can or cannot occur, implying that a wide range of observable phenomena are possible. We show that on average the disk outflow lanthanide fraction is suppressed relative to the solar isotopic pattern. In combination with the dynamical ejecta, these outflows imply a kilonova with both blue and red components

Validity and reliability of the Self-Reported Physical Fitness (SRFit) survey

BACKGROUND: An accurate physical fitness survey could be useful in research and clinical care. PURPOSE: To estimate the validity and reliability of a Self-Reported Fitness (SRFit) survey; an instrument that estimates muscular fitness, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance, BMI, and body composition (BC) in adults ≥ 40 years of age. METHODS: 201 participants completed the SF-36 Physical Function Subscale, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Older Adults' Desire for Physical Competence Scale (Rejeski), the SRFit survey, and the Rikli and Jones Senior Fitness Test. BC, height and weight were measured. SRFit survey items described BC, BMI, and Senior Fitness Test movements. Correlations between the Senior Fitness Test and the SRFit survey assessed concurrent validity. Cronbach's Alpha measured internal consistency within each SRFit domain. SRFit domain scores were compared with SF-36, IPAQ, and Rejeski survey scores to assess construct validity. Intraclass correlations evaluated test-retest reliability. RESULTS: Correlations between SRFit and the Senior Fitness Test domains ranged from 0.35 to 0.79. Cronbach's Alpha scores were .75 to .85. Correlations between SRFit and other survey scores were -0.23 to 0.72 and in the expected direction. Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.79 to 0.93. All P-values were 0.001. CONCLUSION: Initial evaluation supports the SRFit survey's validity and reliability