Lethal and Sublethal Effects of the Anti-sea Lice Formulation Salmosan® on the Pacific Spot Prawn (Pandalus Platyceros)

The effects of the aquaculture chemotherapeutant Salmosan® (active ingredient [a.i.]: azamethiphos) were examined in Pacific spot prawns (Pandalus platyceros) at three temperatures (5, 11, and 17°C). Post-molt prawns were more sensitive to Salmosan® than intermolt prawns; repeated (3x) 1-hr LC50 values for post-molt prawns ranged from 17 (9.3–31 95% confident intervals) to 40 (25–63) μg/L a.i. while intermolt prawns survived 3 × 1-hr exposures up to 100 μg/L a.i. Using LC50 values, Salmosan® was approximately 2.4 times more toxic at 17 versus 5°C. Temperature significantly altered chemosensory and locomotory behaviors in intermolt prawns with the highest activity at the intermediate temperature. Significant decreases in antennule flicking (84 and 104% over controls) were seen at 17°C after 3 × 1-hr pulse exposures to 50 and 100 μg/L a.i., respectively. Temperature, but not Salmosan®, affected molting success: at 17°C significantly lower survival was seen during ecdysis (60% of those at 5°C) and at 5°C, molt time was longer (41 ± 3 days) compared to 11°C (34 ± 4 days) or 17°C (21 ± 4 days). Life stage (molt status) and environmental parameters (temperature) alter the effects of Salmosan® to non-target spot prawns

Lethal and sub-lethal effects of repeated short term exposures Salmosan (A.I. azamethiphos) on the Pacific Spot Prawn, Pandalus platyceros

Sea lice are a cause of concern in Canada, as outbreaks in fish farms have significant implications for both farmed and wild salmonid populations. The most common sea lice treatment protocols in BC call for the subsequent release of anti-sea lice chemotherapeutants directly into the water column. These chemotherapeutants have been shown to have lethal effects on non-target crustaceans such as lobsters and prawns. This project is concerned specifically with Salmosan® (A.I. azamethiphos) which has received emergency approval in Eastern Canada and may be used in BC as aquaculture site managers look for alternatives to the most common current-use product, SLICE®. However, few experiments on Salmosan® have involved species from the West Coast. Furthermore, there is a little known about sub-lethal effects. This project addresses this data gap by investigating both the lethal and sub-lethal effects of Salmosan® on Pacific spot prawns, Pandalus platyceros under environmentally relevant multiple pulse and combined stressor scenarios. Lethality tests show post-molt prawns to be significantly more sensitive to Salmosan® than inter-molt prawns, with increasing sensitivity at higher temperatures. Molting experiments suggest that temperature negatively impacts molting survival while Salmosan® has no effect on overall molting success. Preliminary behavioural data suggest that Salmosan® has no effect on olfactory behavior while high concentrations of Salmosan® may elicit an avoidance response. The results of this project can contribute to improving chemical use regulations by informing on both selection of chemotherapeutants and design of application protocols

‘Clear as Mud’: Toward Greater Clarity in Generic Qualitative Research

We have observed a growth in the number of qualitative studies that have no guiding set of philosophic assumptions in the form of one of the established qualitative methodologies. This lack of allegiance to an established qualitative approach presents many challenges for “generic qualitative” studies, one of which is that the literature lacks debate about how to do a generic study well. We encourage such debate and offer four basic requirements as a point of departure: noting the researchers' position, distinguishing method and methodology, making explicit the approach to rigor, and identifying the researchers' analytic lens

The efficacy of an augmented virtual reality system to alleviate pain in children undergoing burns dressing changes: randomised controlled trial

Abstract In children, the pain and anxiety associated with acute burn dressing changes can be severe, with drug treatment alone frequently proving to be inadequate. Virtual reality (VR) systems have been successfully trialled in limited numbers of adult and paediatric burn patients. Augmented reality (AR) differs from VR in that it overlays virtual images onto the physical world, instead of creating a complete virtual world. This prospective randomised controlled trial investigated the use of AR as an adjunct to analgesia and sedation in children with acute burns. Forty-two children (30 male and 12 female), with an age range of 3–14 years (median age 9 years) and a total burn surface area ranging from 1 to 16% were randomised into a treatment (AR) arm and a control (basic cognitive therapy) arm after administration of analgesia and/or sedation. Pain scores, pulse rates (PR), respiratory rates (RR) and oxygen saturations (SaO2) were recorded pre-procedurally, at 10 min intervals and post-procedurally. Parents were also asked to grade their child's overall pain score for the dressing change. Mean pain scores were significantly lower (p = 0.0060) in the AR group compared to the control group, as were parental pain assessment scores (p = 0.015). Respiratory and pulse rates showed significant changes over time within groups, however, these were not significantly different between the two study groups. Oxygen saturation did not differ significantly over time or between the two study groups. This trial shows that augmented reality is a useful adjunct to pharmacological analgesia