Additional file 5: of Altering cortical input unmasks synaptic phenotypes in the YAC128 cortico-striatal co-culture model of Huntington disease

Figure S4. Increased thin spine density and reduced mushroom spine head diameter in DIV21 YAC128 cortical neurons. WT and YAC128 pure cortical cultures were fixed at DIV21 and subjected to in vitro DiI DiOlistic dye labeling for spine analysis. (A) Sample images of DiI-stained spines on cortical dendrites (scale bar = 5 μm). No significant differences in (Bi) total, (Bii) mushroom, or (Biii) stubby spine densities were observed in YAC128 cortical neurons. (Biv) Increased thin spine density and (Bv) reduced mushroom spine head diameter were measured in YAC128 cortical neurons compared to WT [n = 30(3); Student’s t test; *p < 0.05]. (TIF 288 kb

Additional file 4: of Altering cortical input unmasks synaptic phenotypes in the YAC128 cortico-striatal co-culture model of Huntington disease

Figure S3. Reduced dendritic length and complexity in co-cultured YAC128 MSNs are developmental phenotypes. WT and YAC128 co-cultures were generated at either a 1:1 or 1:3 CS ratio and processed at DIV14, 18, and 21 for DARPP32 immunocytochemistry, imaging, and dendritic analysis. (A) Sample images of MSN dendritic traces generated in NeuronStudio (scale bar = 15 μm). A developmental increase in (Bi, Bii, Biii) dendritic complexity by Sholl analysis and (Biv) total dendritic length are impaired after DIV14 in co-cultured YAC128 MSNs compared to WT. Post-hoc statistical significance for Sholl analysis is shown only for WT 1:1 vs. YAC128 1:1 (*) or WT 1:3 vs. YAC128 1:3 (#) comparisons [n = 32(4); two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001]. (TIF 875 kb

Additional file 1: of Altering cortical input unmasks synaptic phenotypes in the YAC128 cortico-striatal co-culture model of Huntington disease

Individual data values. Individual values for data with n < 6. (XLSX 12 kb

Influence of adipose tissue mass on bone mass in an overweight or obese population: systematic review and meta-analysis

Context The scientific literature shows conflicting evidence about the relationship between adiposity and bone mass in overweight and obese populations. Objective The aim of this review was to quantify the correlation between adipose mass (absolute and relative) and bone mineral density (BMD) in overweight and obese populations. Data Sources Three databases were searched electronically. In addition, reference lists of relevant articles were screened. Study Selection A total of 16 studies, comprising 2587 participants and 75 correlation coefficients were selected for inclusion in the review. Data Extraction Data were extracted from each study using a standardized form. Results Multilevel modeling indicated opposing relationships between BMD and adiposity: absolute adiposity correlated positively, and relative adiposity negatively, with BMD. Sex and age were the primary moderators of these relationships. Strong evidence supported a negative relationship between relative adipose mass and BMD in men (R = −0.37; 95%CI, −0.57 to −0.12) and in those aged less than 25 years (R = −0.28; 95%CI, −0.45 to −0.08). Conclusion To prevent bone loss in overweight and obese populations, nutrition- and exercise-based interventions that focus on a controlled reduction of adipose mass with concomitant preservation of lean mass are recommended. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO no. CRD42015024313

Additional file 1: of A pharmacogenetic signature of high response to Copaxone in late-phase clinical-trial cohorts of multiple sclerosis

A comprehensive summary of sample sizes and cohorts in pharmacogenetics studies in the field of multiple sclerosis. (DOCX 23 kb

Additional file 12: of A pharmacogenetic signature of high response to Copaxone in late-phase clinical-trial cohorts of multiple sclerosis

Details on participating institutional or clinical sites at which Institutional Review Boards or Ethics Committees approved the clinical trials included in the study. (DOCX 59 kb

Additional file 5: of Large-scale transcriptomic analysis reveals that pridopidine reverses aberrant gene expression and activates neuroprotective pathways in the YAC128 HD mouse

Table S5. Pathway analysis of alternatively spliced genes identified after high dose treatment with pridopidine. (XLSX 31 kb

Additional file 4: of Large-scale transcriptomic analysis reveals that pridopidine reverses aberrant gene expression and activates neuroprotective pathways in the YAC128 HD mouse

Table S4. qPCR validation of striatal gene expression identified in RNAseq and pathway analysis. (XLSX 10 kb

Additional file 3: of Large-scale transcriptomic analysis reveals that pridopidine reverses aberrant gene expression and activates neuroprotective pathways in the YAC128 HD mouse

Table S3. Transcription factor enrichment analysis of genes differentially expressed in the mouse striatum. (XLSX 18 kb

Additional file 2: of Preventing mutant huntingtin proteolysis and intermittent fasting promote autophagy in models of Huntington disease

Figure S2. Autophagy pathways are not altered in MEFs derived from YAC18 mice. A Primary MEF cultures from YAC18 or wt littermate embryos were seeded onto coverslips and treated with bafilomycin. Cells were fixed and stained for p62 and LC3, Hoechst dye was used for nuclear counterstaining. Samples were imaged on a confocal microscope and the density of punctae as well as the co-localization of LC3 and p62 staining were analyzed. B Primary MEF cultures from YAC18 or wt littermate embryos were seeded onto coverslips and treated with MG132 or DMSO as a control. Cells were fixed and stained for p62, Hoechst dye was used for nuclear counterstaining. Samples were imaged on a confocal microscope and the density of punctae were analyzed. Representative images and pooled quantification data with S.E.M. are shown, 3 independent cultures were analyzed. Number of replicates is shown as insets for Western blot experiments, for imaging experiments 24-30 cells per condition were analyzed. Statistical significance was determined by Student’s t-test. No statistically significant differences were found. (TIFF 5239 kb