Patella_rustica_allozyme_data

Patella_rustica_allozyme_dat

Barriers to Gene Flow in the Marine Environment: Insights from Two Common Intertidal Limpet Species of the Atlantic and Mediterranean

<div><p>Knowledge of the scale of dispersal and the mechanisms governing gene flow in marine environments remains fragmentary despite being essential for understanding evolution of marine biota and to design management plans. We use the limpets <em>Patella ulyssiponensis</em> and <em>Patella rustica</em> as models for identifying factors affecting gene flow in marine organisms across the North-East Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. A set of allozyme loci and a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome C oxidase subunit I were screened for genetic variation through starch gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing, respectively. An approach combining clustering algorithms with clinal analyses was used to test for the existence of barriers to gene flow and estimate their geographic location and abruptness. Sharp breaks in the genetic composition of individuals were observed in the transitions between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and across southern Italian shores. An additional break within the Atlantic cluster separates samples from the Alboran Sea and Atlantic African shores from those of the Iberian Atlantic shores. The geographic congruence of the genetic breaks detected in these two limpet species strongly supports the existence of transpecific barriers to gene flow in the Mediterranean Sea and Northeastern Atlantic. This leads to testable hypotheses regarding factors restricting gene flow across the study area.</p> </div

Patella ulyssiponensis allozyme data

Patella ulyssiponensis allozyme dat

Geographic clines of BAPS clusters' proportions.

<p>Average proportion of nuclear genome in each sampling location assigned to one of the clusters recovered by BAPS for <i>Patella rustica</i> (<b>2A</b>) and <i>P. ulyssiponensis</i> (<b>2B</b>), plotted against their shortest sea distance to Biarritz. Points not connected by a line represent the sampling location of Agadir. <b>2C</b> - maximum likelihood sigmoid clines for the proportion of individual's genome assigned to the Atlantic cluster of <i>Patella ulyssiponensis</i> (green line) and to the Western Mediterranean cluster of <i>P. rustica</i> (orange line) obtained under the hypothesis of centres and widths being shared over the two species (H3); green and orange dots represent observations in <i>P. ulyssiponensis</i> and <i>P. rustica</i>, respectively. AOF – approximate location of Almeria-Oran Front; SI – South Italy.</p

Haplotype networks of cytochrome c oxidase I of <i>Patella rustica</i> (4A) and <i>Patella ulyssiponensis</i> (4B).

<p>The area of each circle is proportional to haplotype frequency except for those represented by grey circles (haplotypes obtained from Genbank). For each haplotype, the area filled with a given colour is proportional to the number of individuals sampled in each of the given areas: Iberian Atlantic shores (green), Agadir or Estepona (orange), Western Mediterranean (white), Taranto or Crotone (blue), Eastern Mediterranean (purple). Black dots represent inferred missing haplotypes and full black lines connecting haplotypes or missing haplotypes represent a single mutation.</p

Sampled sites and number of individuals analysed for each data set.

<p>Data sources:</p>a<p>present work; <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050330#pone.0050330-SPinto3" target="_blank">[34]</a>;</p>c<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050330#pone.0050330-SPinto1" target="_blank">[28]</a>;</p>d<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050330#pone.0050330-SPinto4" target="_blank">[35]</a>;</p>e<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050330#pone.0050330-SPinto2" target="_blank">[31]</a>.</p

DataDRYAD_Fontaine_etalPNAS_Plus

Genotype data for 10 autosomal microsatellite loci are provided as well as sequences for the mtDNA DLOOP-Control region from the 89 harbor porpoises from the Black Sea and Aegean Sea. Data are formatted following the modified version of the genepop format (Rousset 2008, Mol Ecol Res 8: 103) described in Diy-ABC 1.X (Cornuet et al. BMC Bioinformatics 2010, 11:401

<i>F</i>_st values obtained between sampling locations of <i>Patella ulyssiponensis</i> according to allozymes (lower diagonal) and mtDNA (upper diagonal).

<p>Location codes refer to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050330#pone-0050330-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>; asterisks (*) indicate values significantly different from zero (p<0.05) and (**) indicate values that remain significant after Bonferroni correction <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050330#pone.0050330-Rice1" target="_blank">[63]</a>.</p

of the haplotype Pu3 of <i>Patella ulyssiponensis</i> plotted against the distance to Biarritz.

<p>The line represents the continuous coast and the point represents Agadir.</p

Electronic Supplementary Information includes 8 supplementary figures and 2 supplementary tables from Mixing of porpoise ecotypes in south western UK waters revealed by genetic profiling

Contact zones between ecotypes are windows for understanding how species may react to climate changes. Here, we analysed the fine-scale genetic and morphological variation in harbour porpoises (<i>Phocoena phocoena</i>) around the UK by genotyping 591 stranded animals at nine microsatellite loci. The data were integrated with a prior study to map at high resolution the contact zone between two previously identified ecotypes meeting in the northern Bay of Biscay. Clustering and spatial analyses revealed that UK porpoises are derived from two genetic pools with porpoises from the southwestern UK being genetically differentiated, and having larger body sizes compared to those of other UK areas. Southwestern UK porpoises showed admixed ancestry between southern and northern ecotypes with a contact zone extending from the northern Bay of Biscay to the Celtic Sea and Channel. Around the UK, ancestry blends from one genetic group to the other along a SW–NE axis, correlating with body size variation, consistent with previously reported morphological differences between the two ecotypes. We also detected isolation by distance among juveniles but not in adults, suggesting that stranded juveniles display reduced intergenerational dispersal. The fine-scale structure of this admixture zone raises the question of how it will respond to future climate change and provides a reference point for further study