292 research outputs found

    Risk aversion and technology mix in an electricity market

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    This article analyzes the eff ect of risk and risk aversion on the long-term equilibrium technology mix in an electricity market. It develops a model where fi rms can invest in baseload plants with a fi xed variable cost and peak plants with a random variable cost, and demand for electricity varies over time but is perfectly predictable. At equilibrium the electricity price is partly determined by the random variable cost and the returns from the two kinds of plants are negatively correlated. When the variable cost of the peak technology is high the return of peak plants is low but the return to baseload plants is high. Risk-averse fi rms reduce the capacity of the riskiest technology and develop the capacity of the other, compared to risk-neutral fi rms. In the particular case where a risk-neutral fi rm invests heavily in baseload technology and only sparely in peak capacity, a risk-averse fi rm would invest less in baseload, increase peak capacity, and increase total installed capacity

    Le tournant cognitif en sémiotique

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    Theoretical Grounding for Computer Assisted Scholarly Text Reading (CASTR)

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    Digital humanities technology has mainly focused its development on scholarly text digitalization and text analysis. It is only recently that attention has been paid to the activity of reading in a computerized environment. Some main causes of this have been the advent of the e-book but more importantly the massive enterprise of text digitalization (such as Gallica, Google Books, World Wide library, and others). In this article, we analyze, in a very exploratory manner, three main dimensions of computer assister scholarly reading of text: the cognitive, the computational and the software dimension. The cognitive dimension of scholarly reading pertains not the nature of reading as a psychological activity but to the complex interpretative act of going through argumentations, narrations, descriptions, demonstrations, dialogues, themes, etc. that are contained in a text

    La lecture et l'analyse de texte assistées par ordinateur (LATAO) comme sytÚme de traitement d'information

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    La venue rĂ©cente des technologies du cĂ©dĂ©rom et encore plus de l'inforoute a mis en Ă©vidence les difficultĂ©s du traitement de l'information textuelle Ă©lectronique. Il ne suffit plus simplement de stocker des textes ou de les retrouver, encore faut-il souvent en dĂ©couvrir le contenu. malgrĂ© la richesse et la pertinence du dĂ©veloppement technologique, peu de rĂ©flexions ont Ă©tĂ© faites sur le fondement thĂ©orique de cette technologie de la lecture et de l'analyse de texte assistĂ©es par ordinateur. L'A. examine une hypothĂšse selon laquelle l'accĂšs informatique au contenu d'un texte pourrait ĂȘtre conçu comme un systĂšme de traitement d'information. L'objectif visĂ© par une telle analyse est de comprendre davantage les paramĂštres qui constituent la technologie informatique de la lecture et de l'analyse de texte assistĂ©e par ordinateu

    Capacity decisions with demand fluctuations and carbon leakage

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    For carbon-intensive, internationally-traded industrial goods, a unilateral increase in the domestic CO2 price may result in the reduction of the domestic production but an increase of imports. In such sectors as electricity, cement or steel, the trade ows result more from short-term regional disequilibria between supply and demand than from international competition. This paper formalizes this empirical observation and characterizes its impact on leakage. Domestic fi rms invest in home plants under uncertainty; then, as uncertainty unfolds, they may source the home market from their home plants or from imports. We prove that there would be no leakage in the short-term (without capacity adaptation) but there would be in the long-term (with capacity adaption). Furthermore, the larger the uncertainty the larger the leakage is. We also characterize the impacts of uncertainty on the (short-term and long-term) pass-through rates. In the concluding section we discuss the implications of these results for the evaluation of climate policies

    Pour un financement conditionnel des projets risqués bas carbone

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    Une critique rĂ©currente des subventions aux technologies propres (Ă©nergies renouvelables, solaire, mĂ©canismes de dĂ©veloppement propre, voiture Ă©lectrique, 
) est l’existence d’effets d’aubaine : des investissements bĂ©nĂ©ficient de subventions dont ils n’ont pas besoin pour ĂȘtre rentables. Cette note formalise ce type de situation comme la sĂ©lection d’un portefeuille de projets par l’Etat dans un contexte d’asymĂ©trie d’information. Il montre qu’une forme de garantie du financement, avec remboursement en cas de succĂšs, permet de limiter les effets d’aubaines et les dĂ©penses publiques tout en maximisant le bĂ©nĂ©fice social en termes de rĂ©duction des Ă©missions. La pertinence du mĂ©canisme proposĂ© est illustrĂ©e dans le cadre de subventions pour le dĂ©ploiement des infrastructures pour les vĂ©hicules Ă  hydrogĂšne
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