Diffusion of False Information During Public Crises: Analysis Based on the Cellular Automaton Method

The progress of false information diffusion in the public crisis is harmful to the society. When the public crisis occurs, the public respond in different ways and the public also want to tell others what they think right. But what they think is right is not recognized by the government. Thus the false information forms and it begins to diffuse. As the false information spreads, the harm to society magnifies gradually. Particularly in network society, false information diffusion can easily cause secondary hazards and accelerate public crises to a devastating degree. Thus intervening and controlling the false information diffusion is an important aspect of the public crisis management. From the perspective of the social network theory, this study analyzes the progress of false information diffusion in terms of different public crisis management strategies and presents the result of false information diffusion through simulation on cellular automaton of different public crisis management strategies. In simulations on cellular automaton, interventions are also carried to control false information diffusion and alternatives are proposed to help reduce public crises. This study also extends the theory of false information management, which is significant for the government to improve the ability to evaluate the false information and carry out interventions effectively to control the false information when it begins to diffuse

Adaptive Multi-Modality Prompt Learning

Although current prompt learning methods have successfully been designed to effectively reuse the large pre-trained models without fine-tuning their large number of parameters, they still have limitations to be addressed, i.e., without considering the adverse impact of meaningless patches in every image and without simultaneously considering in-sample generalization and out-of-sample generalization. In this paper, we propose an adaptive multi-modality prompt learning to address the above issues. To do this, we employ previous text prompt learning and propose a new image prompt learning. The image prompt learning achieves in-sample and out-of-sample generalization, by first masking meaningless patches and then padding them with the learnable parameters and the information from texts. Moreover, each of the prompts provides auxiliary information to each other, further strengthening these two kinds of generalization. Experimental results on real datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms SOTA methods, in terms of different downstream tasks

Photocatalytic nitrogen reduction to ammonia: Insights into the role of defect engineering in photocatalysts

Engineering of defects in semiconductors provides an effective protocol for improving photocatalytic N2 conversion efficiency. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art progress in defect engineering of photocatalysts for the N2 reduction toward ammonia. The basic principles and mechanisms of thermal catalyzed and photon-induced N2 reduction are first concisely recapped, including relevant properties of the N2 molecule, reaction pathways, and NH3 quantification methods. Subsequently, defect classification, synthesis strategies, and identification techniques are compendiously summarized. Advances of in situ characterization techniques for monitoring defect state during the N2 reduction process are also described. Especially, various surface defect strategies and their critical roles in improving the N2 photoreduction performance are highlighted, including surface vacancies (i.e., anionic vacancies and cationic vacancies), heteroatom doping (i.e., metal element doping and nonmetal element doping), and atomically defined surface sites. Finally, future opportunities and challenges as well as perspectives on further development of defect-engineered photocatalysts for the nitrogen reduction to ammonia are presented. It is expected that this review can provide a profound guidance for more specialized design of defect-engineered catalysts with high activity and stability for nitrogen photochemical fixation

Linking PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR to Histone Modification in Plant Shade Avoidance

Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) allows a plant grown in a densely populated environment to maximize opportunities to access to sunlight. Although it is well established that SAS is accompanied by gene expression changes, the underlying molecular mechanism needs to be elucidated. Here, we identify the H3K4me3/H3K36me3-binding proteins, Morf Related Gene (MRG) group proteins MRG1 and MRG2, as positive regulators of shade-induced hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). MRG2 binds PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR7 (PIF7) and regulates the expression of several common downstream target genes, including YUCCA8 and IAA19 involved in the auxin biosynthesis or response pathway and PRE1 involved in brassinosteroid regulation of cell elongation. In response to shade, PIF7 and MRG2 are enriched at the promoter and gene-body regions and are necessary for increase of histone H4 and H3 acetylation to promote target gene expression. Our study uncovers a mechanism in which the shade-responsive factor PIF7 recruits MRG1/MRG2 that binds H3K4me3/H3K36me3 and brings histone-acetylases to induce histone acetylations to promote expression of shade responsive genes, providing thus a molecular mechanistic link coupling the environmental light to epigenetic modification in regulation of hypocotyl elongation in plant SAS

Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationships of 3,4,5-Trisubstituted 4,5-Dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazoles as TGR5 Agonists

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The Impact of Self-Relevance on Preschool Children’s Sharing

This study was designed to investigate the impact of self-relevance between preschool children and recipients on children’s sharing behavior in dictator games using a forced-choice resource distribution paradigm. Experiment 1: A total of 75 children aged 3–6 years were evaluated in a first-party situation in which they were distributed as recipients and dictators and shared resources with distracting recipients with different extents of self-relevance under three different payoff structures, including non-costly, costly, and envy structures. Children could choose between a sharing option and a non-sharing option. The results showed that, in a first-party situation, children aged 3–6 years old typically share more resources with highly self-relevant recipients (friends) than with moderately self-relevant recipients (acquaintances) and lowly self-relevant recipients (strangers) and that they share more resources with moderately self-relevant recipients (acquaintances) than lowly self-relevant recipients (strangers). Experiment 2: A total of 62 children aged 3–6 years old were evaluated in a third-party situation in which they were distributed not as recipients but only dictators, making decisions between the options of sharing more or sharing less with distracting recipients who had different extents of self-relevance under three different payoff structures, such as non-bias, high self-bias, and low self-bias. The results showed that, in a third-party situation, children typically share in a similar manner to that of Experiment 1, meaning that children display selective generosity and that the self-relevance between the children and recipients played a key role. Across age groups, this study of preschool children (total N = 137) demonstrates a degree of effect of self-relevance on preschool children’s sharing in first-party and third-party situations, with highly self-relevant recipients receiving a more preferential share in the dictator game than those with low self-relevance, although this effect was stronger in the older preschool children

A study of the effect of suboptimal glycemic control on subclinical myocardial systolic function in patients with T2DM

Objective·To explore the relationship between poor blood glucose control and early impaired cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods·Eighty-three patients diagnosed with T2DM in Jiading Branch of Shanghai General Hospital from June 2021 to March 2022 were selected and divided into two groups according to the level of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): satisfactory control of glycaemia (SCG) group and less satisfactory control of glycaemia (LSCG) group. Fifty-four subjects were in the control group. Echocardiography was performed to obtain left ventricular structural and functional parameters and left ventricular subendocardial, medial and subepicardial global longitudinal strain (GLS): GLSendo, GLSmid, and GLSepi. The parameters were compared by using analysis of variance. The correlation analysis was performed by Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The diagnostic performance of longitudinal strain in differentiating subclinical myocardial dysfunction in patients with T2DM was analyzed by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve.Results·The thickness of the ventricular septum and the posterior wall of the left ventricle were thicker in the LSCG group than in the SCG group and the control group (all P0.05). Compared with the control group, the left ventricular diastolic function index E/e (early peak flow velocity by Doppler/early and atrial diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus by tissue Doppler imaging) was higher in both the LSCG group and the SCG group (all P 0.05). There was no significant difference in left ventricular ejection fraction among the three groups (P>0.05). Compared with LSCG group, GLSendo, GLSmid and GLSepi were higher in the SCG group and control group (all P0.05). HbA1c was an independently negative factor of GLSmid and GLSepi (β= -0.198 and -0.239, all P<0.05). GLSendo, GLSmid and GLSepi had moderate diagnostic performance between the LSCG group and SCG group, with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.754 (95%CI 0.624‒0.884), 0.755 (95%CI 0.624‒0.885), and 0.751 (95%CI 0.619‒0.882), respectively.Conclusions·T2DM patients with unsatisfactory glycemic control have reduced myocardial contractility, and this subclinical myocardial damage is independently negatively correlated with the level of HbA1c

Long-term prednisone treatment causes fungal microbiota dysbiosis and alters the ecological interaction between gut mycobiome and bacteriome in rats

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Prednisone is one of the most commonly used GCs. However, it is still unknown whether prednisone affects gut fungi in rats. Herein we investigated whether prednisone changed the composition of gut fungi and the interactions between gut mycobiome and bacteriome/fecal metabolome in rats. Twelve male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control group and a prednisone group which received prednisone daily by gavage for 6 weeks. ITS2 rRNA gene sequencing of fecal samples was performed to identify differentially abundant gut fungi. The associations between gut mycobiome and bacterial genera/fecal metabolites obtained from our previously published study were explored by using Spearman correlation analysis. Our data showed that there were no changes in the richness of gut mycobiome in rats after prednisone treatment, but the diversity increased significantly. The relative abundance of genera Triangularia and Ciliophora decreased significantly. At the species level, the relative abundance of Aspergillus glabripes increased significantly, while Triangularia mangenotii and Ciliophora sp. decreased. In addition, prednisone altered the gut fungi-bacteria interkingdom interactions in rats after prednisone treatment. Additionally, the genus Triangularia was negatively correlated with m-aminobenzoic acid, but positively correlated with hydrocinnamic acid and valeric acid. Ciliophora was negatively correlated with phenylalanine and homovanillic acid, but positively correlated with 2-Phenylpropionate, hydrocinnamic acid, propionic acid, valeric acid, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid. In conclusion, long-term prednisone treatment caused fungal microbiota dysbiosis and might alter the ecological interaction between gut mycobiome and bacteriome in rats

Holocene climates of the Iberian Peninsula: pollen-based reconstructions of changes in the west–east gradient of temperature and moisture

The Iberian Peninsula is characterized by a steep west–east moisture gradient at present, reflecting the dominance of maritime influences along the Atlantic coast and more Mediterranean-type climate further east. Holocene pollen records from the Peninsula suggest that this gradient was less steep during the mid-Holocene, possibly reflecting the impact of orbital changes on circulation and thus regional patterns in climate. Here, we use 7214 pollen samples from 117 sites covering part or all of the last 12 000 years to reconstruct changes in seasonal temperature and in moisture across the Iberian Peninsula quantitatively. We show that there is an increasing trend in winter temperature at a regional scale, consistent with known changes in winter insolation. However, summer temperatures do not show the decreasing trend through the Holocene that would be expected if they were a direct response to insolation forcing. We show that summer temperature is strongly correlated with plant-available moisture (α), as measured by the ratio of actual evapotranspiration to equilibrium evapotranspiration, which declines through the Holocene. The reconstructions also confirm that the west–east gradient in moisture was considerably less steep during the mid-Holocene than today, indicating that atmospheric circulation changes (possibly driven by orbital changes) have been important determinants of the Holocene climate of the region