Evaluation of different bowel preparations for small bowel capsule endoscopy: a prospective, randomized, controlled study

To obtain an adequate view of the whole small intestine during capsule endoscopy (CE) a clear liquid diet and overnight fasting is recommended. However, intestinal content can hamper vision in spite of these measures. Our aim was to evaluate tolerance and degree of intestinal cleanliness during CE following three types of bowel preparation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Two-hundred ninety-one patients underwent one of the following preparations: 4 L of clear liquids (CL) (group A; 92 patients); 90 mL of aqueous sodium phosphate (group B; 89 patients); or 4 L of a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (group C; 92 patients). The degree of cleanliness of the small bowel was classified by blinded examiners according to four categories (excellent, good, fair or poor). The degree of patient satisfaction, gastric and small bowel transit times, and diagnostic yield were measured. RESULTS: The degree of cleanliness did not differ significantly between the groups (P = 0.496). Interobserver concordance was fair (k = 0.38). No significant differences were detected between the diagnostic yields of the CE (P = 0.601). Gastric transit time was 35.7 +/- 3.7 min (group A), 46.1 +/- 8.6 min (group B) and 34.6 +/- 5.0 min (group C) (P = 0.417). Small-intestinal transit time was 276.9 +/- 10.7 min (group A), 249.7 +/- 13.1 min (group B) and 245.6 +/- 11.6 min (group C) (P = 0.120). CL was the best tolerated preparation. Compliance with the bowel preparation regimen was lowest in group C (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: A clear liquid diet and overnight fasting is sufficient to achieve an adequate level of cleanliness and is better tolerated by patients than other forms of preparation

ESTUDIO MORFOLÓGICO DE LA TUBERCULOSIS CAPRINA. L. TUBERCULOSIS PULMONAR

Tuberculous lesions were found in the lung of 35 goats from the Region of Murcia (Spain). The animals were selected because of a positive reaction to de CTID test. Bacteriological analysis allowed the isolation of Mycobacterium bovis (10 animals) and M. tuberculosis (1 animal). In addition to lung lesions were found in other organs and different types of lymph nodes, depending on the degree of generalization of the disease. A primary complex was found in 5 animals (14.28%); early generalization was found in 12 animals (34.29%); organic-chronic tuberculosis was found in 14 animals (40%); and late generalization in 5 animals (14.28%). These data reveal that caprine tuberculosis has a high incidence in the Region of Murcia. thus indicating a potential risk of transmission of the disease to man.Las lesiones tuberculosas fueron encontradas en los pulmones de 35 cabras procedentes de distintos rebaños de la Región de Murcia (España). Los animales fueron seleccionados por dar positiva la prueba de la intradermorreacción tuberculínica comparativa. El análisis bacteriológico reveló la presencia de Mycobacterium bovis en 10 animales y Mycobacterium tuberculosis en un animal. Además de las lesiones pulmonares se encontraron lesiones en otros órganos y en diferentes gánglios linfáticos, dependiendo del grado de generalización de la enfermedad. La fase de complejo primario se encontró en 5 animales (14.28%); de generalización precoz en 12 animales (34.29%); de tuberculosis orgánica crónica en 14 animales (40%); de generalización tardía en 5 animales (14.28%). La tuberculosis caprina tiene una alta incidencia y distribución en la Región de Murcia y es un importante factor de riesgo en la transmisión de la enfermedad al hombre

ESTUDIO MORFOLÓGICO DE LA TUBERCULOSIS CAPRINA. II. TUBERCULOSIS GENERALIZADA

Generalization of tuberculosis was found in 24 of 35 goats in which pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed. Lesions of early generalization were found in spleen (7 animals), liver (12 animals), intestine (7 animals), heart (1 animal) and kidney (1 animal), where as lesions of late generalization were found only in one case in kidney. The lymph nodes of the affected organs and frequently the superficial lymph nodes (17 animals) showed lesions. Microscopically all animals presenled the tubercular granulomas which characterised this disease.La forma generalizada de la tuberculosis se encontró en 24 de las 35 cabras diagnosticadas de tuberculosis pulmonar. Las lesiones de generalización precoz se observaron en bazo (7 animales), hígado (12 animales). intestino (7 animales), corazón (1 animal) y riñón (1 animal), mientras que la fase de generalización tardía sólo se demostró en un caso en riñón. Los ganglios linfáticos de los órganos afectados siempre presentaron las mismas lesiones. Los ganglios linfáticos superficiales estaban afectados en 17 animales. Microscópicamente todos los animales demostraron granulomas tuberculosos característicos de la enfermedad

Evaluation of different bowel preparations for small bowel capsule endoscopy: a prospective, randomized, controlled study

To obtain an adequate view of the whole small intestine during capsule endoscopy (CE) a clear liquid diet and overnight fasting is recommended. However, intestinal content can hamper vision in spite of these measures. Our aim was to evaluate tolerance and degree of intestinal cleanliness during CE following three types of bowel preparation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Two-hundred ninety-one patients underwent one of the following preparations: 4 L of clear liquids (CL) (group A; 92 patients); 90 mL of aqueous sodium phosphate (group B; 89 patients); or 4 L of a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (group C; 92 patients). The degree of cleanliness of the small bowel was classified by blinded examiners according to four categories (excellent, good, fair or poor). The degree of patient satisfaction, gastric and small bowel transit times, and diagnostic yield were measured. RESULTS: The degree of cleanliness did not differ significantly between the groups (P = 0.496). Interobserver concordance was fair (k = 0.38). No significant differences were detected between the diagnostic yields of the CE (P = 0.601). Gastric transit time was 35.7 +/- 3.7 min (group A), 46.1 +/- 8.6 min (group B) and 34.6 +/- 5.0 min (group C) (P = 0.417). Small-intestinal transit time was 276.9 +/- 10.7 min (group A), 249.7 +/- 13.1 min (group B) and 245.6 +/- 11.6 min (group C) (P = 0.120). CL was the best tolerated preparation. Compliance with the bowel preparation regimen was lowest in group C (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: A clear liquid diet and overnight fasting is sufficient to achieve an adequate level of cleanliness and is better tolerated by patients than other forms of preparation

Preparing future teachers to anticipate student difficulties in physics in a graduate-level course in physics, pedagogy, and education research

We describe courses designed to help future teachers reflect on and discuss both physics content and student knowledge thereof. We use three kinds of activities: reading and discussing the literature, experiencing research-based curricular materials, and learning to use the basic research methods of physics education research. We present a general overview of the two courses we have designed as well as a framework for assessing student performance on physics content knowledge and one aspect of pedagogical content knowledge—knowledge of student ideas—about one particular content area: electric circuits. We find that the quality of future teachers’ responses, especially on questions dealing with knowledge of student ideas, can be successfully categorized and may be higher for those with a nonphysics background than those with a physics background