Arquitetura orientada a serviços para integração de tecnologias aplicadas a um atlas tridimensional interativo da anatomia mamária

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2012.A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) apresenta anualmente estatísticas de evolução do câncer para as futuras gerações. Especificamente na mulher, o câncer de mama tem maior incidência. Assim sendo, esta condição merece uma atenção maior não só do Governo Federal e órgãos internacionais, mas principalmente dos centros de pesquisas, universidades e empresas, a fim de desenvolver tecnologias que auxiliem no diagnóstico e treinamento médico. Este trabalho aborda a concepção de uma arquitetura de software que permite a integração entre as áreas de Realidade Virtual (RV), Sistemas Tutores Inteligentes (STI) e Ontologia, tendo como domínio inicial de estudo, o ensino da anatomia da mama feminina em ambiente Web, assim como a concepção de ambientes de simulação de procedimentos cirúrgicos do mesmo contexto. Esta integração propõe uma arquitetura que busca auxiliar estudantes da área da saúde no entendimento das estruturas internas e externas da mama em ambiente colaborativo a partir da navegação, visualização e interação do estudante com o conteúdo e do conteúdo com o ambiente tridimensional (3D). O módulo conteúdo é acessível por um módulo de interface existente no domínio do STI presente na arquitetura, que auxiliado pelo módulo que avalia o perfil e pelo módulo tutor que processa as interações do estudante, customiza a informação a ser apresentada ao estudante. Neste ponto, o aprendiz pode requisitar os serviços do módulo 3D para visualizar a estrutura selecionada, caso a seleção seja um procedimento de simulação, por exemplo a Core Biopsy assistida por ultrassom destinada a punção de nódulos mamários, foco desse trabalho, a interface 3D é customizada para esse fim. Esta arquitetura, além do seu caráter inovador em relação ao modo de integração orientado a serviço, distribuído, modular e multiplataforma, baseados em tecnologias de última geração de comunicação, processamento, padrões de projeto e compilação, também permitiu a representação de uma cena gráfica 3D em um padrão não convencional, no qual instâncias de classe em formato de Ontologias armazenam propriedades e relacionamentos que configuram o ambiente 3D. Este contexto de visualização 3D pré-configurado permite a ativação de diferentes módulos de interação e navegação, entre eles: câmeras, malhas 3D, textura, colisão, deformação, iluminação, semântica e interfaces hápticas, sendo este último o mecanismo responsável pela compreensão de detalhes biológicos como dimensões, texturas e propriedades físicas, tais como peso, rigidez e elasticidade. Outro foco do trabalho foi a pesquisa de métodos de deformação híbridos (Físicos e Geométricos) de processamento em tempo real, que agregam maior realismo à simulação. A pesquisa foi submetida a especialistas da área médica, arquitetos de software e professores com conhecimentos correlatos a fim de validar o protótipo, diagrama esquemático da arquitetura e metodologia e tecnologias empregadas nos módulos, assim como a comunicação o desempenho e a interação de componentes. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe World Health Organisation (WHO) statistics annually presents the evolution of cancer for future generations. Specifically in women, breast cancer has a higher incidence. Therefore, this condition deserves greater attention not only from the Federal Government and international bodies, but mainly from research centers, universities and companies to develop technologies that help in the diagnosis and medical training. This paper discusses the design of a software architecture that allows integration between the fields of Virtual Reality (VR), Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) and Ontology, with the initial domain of study, teaching the anatomy of the female breast in environment Web, and to design simulation environments surgical procedures the same context. This integration presents an architecture that seeks to assist students in the health field in understanding the internal and external structures of the breast in a collaborative environment from navigation, visualization and interaction with student content and content with the environmentdimensional (3D). The module content is accessible by a module interface with existing STI present in the architecture, which aided by the module which evaluates the profile and the tutor module that processes student interactions, customizes the information being presented to the student . At this point, the student can request service module to visualize the 3D structure selected if the selection procedure is a simulation, for example the Core Biopsy Ultrasound-assisted designed to puncture breast lumps, focus of this work, 3D interface is customized for that purpose. This architecture, in addition to its innovative compared to integration mode service-oriented, distributed, and modular platform, based on the latest technologies of communication, processing, compilation and design patterns also allowed graphical representation of a 3D scene in an unconventional pattern in which class instances in format Ontologies store properties and relationships that make up the 3D environment. This context of pre-configured 3D visualization allows the activation of different interaction and navigation modules, including: cameras, 3D meshes, texture, collision, deformation, lighting, semantic and haptic interfaces, the latter being the mechanism responsible for the understanding of biological details such as dimensions, textures and physical properties such as weight, rigidity and elasticity. Another focus of the study was to research methods of deformation hybrids (Physical and Geometrical) processing in real time, that add greater realism to the simulation. The study was submitted to medical experts, architects software and teachers with knowledge related to validate the prototype, schematic diagram of the architecture and methodology and technologies used in the modules, as well as communication, performance and interaction of components

Integration of the phantom interface on intelligent tutorial system for the medical simulation environment

O presente trabalho aborda e analisa o uso da Realidade Virtual (RV) em Sistemas Tutores Inteligentes (STI), buscando evidenciar a cooperação entre as duas áreas. Neste sentido, as teorias de Inteligência Artificial (IA) contribuíram para a estruturação de ambientes interativos de ensino com as melhores práticas de STI e RV, entre elas: facilidade de acesso, individualização do ensino, conteúdo lapidado, modelado e selecionado, um ambiente imersivo, interativo, intuitivo, destacando a integração do robô Phantom ao ambiente 3D e o seu relacionamento com a ontologia do projeto. Um estudo de caso foi realizado na área de anatomia ósseocraniana para cursos de graduação na área da saúde. O processo de validação do protótipo e da arquitetura proposta teve apoio de professores e um grupo de 120 estudantes da área da saúde da UCB e da UnB. Como os cursos eram de características distintas, dividiu-se a validação em dois grupos com propósitos qualificados. O grupo A ficou responsável pela validação da arquitetura/tecnologia formado pelos estudantes de medicina do 1° semestre da disciplina de anatomia de ambas as instituições. O grupo B foi utilizado para a validação do conceito/conteúdo e formado por estudantes de enfermagem e biomedicina também do 1° semestre da disciplina de anatomia, sendo que esses estavam sob a responsabilidade do mesmo professor e tiveram a mesma forma de avaliação. Os estudantes de biomedicina tiveram acesso ao sistema, enquanto que os de enfermagem tiveram apenas o ensino convencional, sem acesso ao ASM. O objetivo foi verificar se a utilização do ASM como foi implementado contribuiu para o ensino da anatomia humana. O processo de aprendizado foi alocado no trabalho como uma possibilidade de expansão da arquitetura e evolução desse trabalho, acrescentando uma rede neural artificial entre a interação do estudante e o tipo de conteúdo a ser solicitado da ontologia. Portanto, através de um questionário on-line realizado com o apoio de um especialista da área de saúde, o ASM teve resultados satisfatórios. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe present study describes an analysis of the use of Virtual Reality (VR) in Intelligent Tutorial Systems (ITS), aiming to show the cooperation between the two areas. Consequently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) theories contributed to the structuring of interactive teaching environments with the best ITS and VR practices, among these: easy access, individualized teaching, refined, modeled and selected content, an intuitive, immersive, interactive environment, particularly the integration of the Phantom robot in a 3D environment and its relationship to the ontology of the project. A case study was completed for undergraduates majoring in health, in the area of cranial-skeletal anatomy. The prototype and proposed architecture validation process was supported by professors and a group of 120 students from UCB and UnB in the area of health. As the majors had distinct characteristics, the validation was divided into two groups with qualified proposals. Group A was responsible for the validation of the architecture/technology and consisted of the medical students in their 1st semester of anatomy from both of the institutions. Group B was used for the validation of concept/content and consisted of students in nursing, and biomedicine, also in their 1st semester of anatomy, under the supervision of the same professor, and undergoing the same evaluation process. The students in biomedicine had access to the system, while the nursing students had conventional teaching methods, without access to the Medical Simulation Platform (MSP). The objective was to verify if the use of the MSP, as it was implemented, contributed to the teaching of human anatomy. The learning process was allocated in the work as a possibility of expansion of the architecture and evolution of this work, adding an artificial neural network between the interaction of the student and the type of content to be solicited from the ontology. Through an on-line questionnaire, administered with the help of a health expert, the MSP presented satisfactory results

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data