Oral Ulcer Healing after Treatment with Distilled Liquid Smoke of Coconut Shell on Diabetic Rats

Background: Distilled liquid smoke from coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L.) by pyrolysis process with final temperature 400C and then distilled in 120-1500C. The characteristics of distilled liquid smoke are yellow liquid, with acidity 2.39 and density 1.0643 g/cm3. The major identified compounds arephenol (36.6%), 2- methoxyphenol (guaiacol) (25.2%), furfural (17.8%), 2-methoxy-5-methylphenol (5.2%) and 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (EMP) (3.5%) with 28 other minor constituents by GCMS. Aim and Objectives: Distilled liquid smoke was examined to investigate its potential therapeutic to oral ulcer healing and diabetic condition on the rat. Furthermore, the clinical oral ulcer healing was evaluated based on ulcer size and diabetic was evaluated based on Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) and body weight changes. Material and Methods: Diabetes was induced by alloxan. Seventy-two hours after injection, the diabetic condition was confirmed with FBG of >200mg/dl, then the labial fornix anterior was injured to induce oral ulcer using round steel blade. Results: The clinical oral ulcer healing was improved after treatment with distillated liquid smoke compared to benzydamine hydrochloride and aquadest sterile for three days (p=0.005) and seven days (p=0.000). Treatment for seven days with distilled liquid smoke showed significant improvement of the body mass changes compared to benzydamine hydrochloride (p=0.008) and aquadest sterile (p=0.002). There was no improvement of FBG after treatment with distilled liquid smoke (p=0.152). Conclusion: Treatment with distilled liquid smoke coconut shell can improved oral ulcer healing and body weight changes, but not FBG changes

Oral mucosal lesions and oral symptoms of the SARS-CoV-2 infection

INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2 develops well in the oral mucosa because, it is the first contact area with the virus. The oral mucosa is highly expressed with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and makes the virus replicated in the epithelial cells and produce both oral lesions and oral symptoms. This review aimed to describe the oral mucosal symptoms and lesions related to SARS-CoV-2-infected patients that have been reported around the world. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A literature search was performed on PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, from February to October 5, 2020, focusing on COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) oral lesions and oral symptoms. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Eighteen studies were identified with a total of 25 cases describing the oral symptoms and oral mucosal lesions of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The oral symptoms related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection included dysgeusia, ageusia, a burning mouth sensation, a dry mouth and severe halitosis. The oral mucosal lesions varied from ulceration and depapilation to pseudomembranous, maculae, nodules and plaque. The mucosal lesions related to the skin lesions were in the form of crusty lips, multiple ulcerations and rashes, targeted lesions, blisters and vesiculobullous lesions. CONCLUSIONS: The manifestations of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity are non-specific. The oral mucosal lesions that occur mimic the Herpes zoster virus infection, the Herpes simplex virus infection, Varicella and hand, foot and mouth disease, and the oral mucosal lesions with the skin manifestations (e.g. erythema multiforme)

The Risk of Night Shift Workers to the Glucose Blood Levels, Saliva, and Dental Caries

Objective This study aimed to provide the correlation of circadian rhythms of nightshift workers with blood glucose levels, saliva, and dental caries. Materials and Methods This study was conducted on night shift and nonshift workers to measure fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2-PP BG), saliva flow rate, pH saliva, and caries with the decay-missing-filled total (DMF-T) index. Data analysis was done using independent t-test and correlation test with Pearson correlation. Results There were significant differences in night shift and nonshift workers in FBG (p = 0.000), 2-PP BG (p = 0.000), flow rate saliva (p = 0.000), and DMF-T index(p = 0.001). Correlation test showed positive correlation between FBG and pH saliva (r = 0.42, p = 0.029) and DMF-T index (r = 0.521, p = 0.005) of night shift workers. The 2-PP BG also showed positive correlation with pH saliva (r = 0.493, p = 0.009) and DMF-T index (r = 0.743, p = 0.000). The DMF-T index showed negative correlation with flow rate saliva (r =–0.398, p = 0.04). In the nonshift workers, correlation test showed a correlation between FBG and DMF-T index (r = 0.384, p = 0.048). The DMF-T index showed correlation with flow rate saliva (r = 0.6, p = 0.001). Conclusion There is a circadian rhythm correlation between night shift workers to blood glucose levels, flow rate saliva, pH saliva, and dental caries

Pomegranate extract mechanism in inhibiting the development of oral cancer: A review

Background: Oral cancer is one of the most aggressive and invasive cancers with high metastatic potential. Oral cancer is cancer with the 11th highest number of cases in the world. Oral cancer is treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, this therapy causes side effects in the form of damage to normal cells in the surrounding tissue. Pomegranate extract contains polyphenols which may be great for inhibiting the development of oral cancer. Purpose: This article presents a systematic and comprehensive review of the potential of pomegranate extract as a natural product to inhibit the development of oral cancer. Review: Pomegranate extract was obtained by ethanol extraction using maceration method. The main content of pomegranate is polyphenolic compounds such as punicalagin, tannins, flavonoids, and ellagic acid. This compound reduces ATP formation, shortens the subG1 phase, and increases apoptosis. At the microcellular level, pomegranate extract can inhibit the activity of MMP-2 or MMP-9 to produce anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenesis and pro-apoptotic processes of cancer cells at concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/ml. Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects are produced through mitochondrial damage mechanisms. Exposure after 72 hours can reduce oral cell viability greater than exposure after 24 hours. Conclusion: Pomegranate extract is likely has four mechanisms to oral cancer: inhibiting the invasion, migration and growth of oral cancer cells, increasing oral cancer cell apoptosis and regulating antioxidant genes. So that this material can be used as a candidate for oral cancer therapy

Acute Toxicity Test of Liquid Smoke of Rice Hull (Oryza sativa) on Mice (Mus Musculus)

Liquid smoke as product of rice hull's pyrolysis is contained high phenolic compound such as phenol and guaiacol. These phenolic coumpound have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Because of these properties, liquid smoke rice hull has the potential to be developed as a medicine. However, the safety of liquid smoke rice hull must be ensured to be used as a medicine. The purpose of this study is to analyzed the effects of acute toxicity of liquid smoke rice hull sativa) on mice (Mus musculus). Laboratory experiment using 25 experimental mice which divided into 5 groups: control group (given aquadest), group 1, 2, 3 and 4 (given liquid smoke with a single dose by 50, 500, 5000, and 15000 mg/kg body weight orally). Symptoms of toxicity, weight changes, and the number of dead animals were noted for 7 days, whereas liver histopathology on the dead and living objects were observed after the observation period ended. The LD50 of liquid smoke rice hull >15000mg/kg body weight. No toxicity symptoms were found in living animals. Changes in body weight in all groups tended to increase. Histopathology of the liver did not show a significant difference between the control group and the liquid smoke group (p=0.26). Liquid smoke of rice hull (Oryza sativa) does not have an acute toxicity effect on mice (Musmusculus)

Role of Hydroxyapatite and Ellagic Acid in the Osteogenesis

Objective Ellagic acid (EA), a phenolic antioxidant, has benefits in bone health and wound healing. The combination of EA and hydroxyapatite (HA) (EA-HA) is expected to increase osteogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze osteogenesis after appli-cation of EA-HA according to the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the bone and the expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and osteocalcin (OCN) protein. Materials and Methods Thirty Wistar rats were assessed with bone defects created in the left femur. The defects were filled with EA-HA and then sutured. Control groups were filled with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or HA. Each group was sacrificed either 7 or 14 days after treatment. Results The defects filled with EA-HA exhibited the highest number of osteoblasts and the greatest expression of OPG and OCN at both day 7 and day 14 (p = 0.000). Conversely, treatment with EA-HA resulted in lower numbers of osteoclasts and reduced RANKL staining at both time points (p = 0.000). Conclusions EA-HA can increase osteogenesis in bone defects by increasing the number of osteoblasts and the expression of OPG and OCN

Oral Ulcer Healing after Treatment with Distilled Liquid Smoke of Coconut Shell on Diabetic Rats

Background: Distilled liquid smoke from coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L.) by pyrolysis process with final temperature 4000C and then distilled in 120-1500C. The characteristics of distilled liquid smoke are yellow liquid, with acidity 2.39 and density 1.0643 g/cm3. The major identified compounds arephenol (36.6%), 2- methoxyphenol (guaiacol) (25.2%), furfural (17.8%), 2-methoxy-5-methylphenol (5.2%) and 4-ethyl-2- methoxyphenol (EMP) (3.5%) with 28 other minor constituents by GCMS. Aim and Objectives: Distilled liquid smoke was examined to investigate its potential therapeutic to oral ulcer healing and diabetic condition on the rat. Furthermore, the clinical oral ulcer healing was evaluated based on ulcer size and diabetic was evaluated based on Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) and body weight changes. Material and Methods: Diabetes was induced by alloxan. Seventy-two hours after injection, the diabetic condition was confirmed with FBG of >200mg/dl, then the labial fornix anterior was injured to induce oral ulcer using round steel blade. Results: The clinical oral ulcer healing was improved after treatment with distillated liquid smoke compared to benzydamine hydrochloride and aquadest sterile for three days (p=0.005) and seven days (p=0.000). Treatment for seven days with distilled liquid smoke showed significant improvement of the body mass changes compared to benzydamine hydrochloride (p=0.008) and aquadest sterile (p=0.002). There was no improvement of FBG after treatment with distilled liquid smoke (p=0.152). Conclusion: Treatment with distilled liquid smoke coconut shell can improved oral ulcer healing and body weight changes, but not FBG changes

Sleep Time Duration Does Not Affect Oral Inflammation and Periodontal Health Status in Night-Shift Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study This

Background: Night-shift workers experience circadian rhythm disruption, changes in sleep time duration, and effects on their eating habits. All these factors may be related to the release of inflammatory mediators and may affect oral inflammation and periodontal health status. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of sleep time duration on oral inflammation and periodontal health status in night-shift workers and non-night-shift workers. Methods: This study involved two groups with 27 participants each: one group of nightshift workers and one group of non-night-shift workers. Examination of depth of pocket and bleeding on probing (BOP) was conducted with a periodontal probe. Non-stimulating saliva samples were collected to analyze the levels of melatonin, malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) using ELISA. Comparisons for each parameter were performed using independent t-tests, and the relationships between duration of sleep and depth of pocket, BOP, salivary melatonin, MDA, and TNF-α were calculated using linear regression. Results: The night-shift worker group had a short sleep time duration (p = 0.000). The salivary melatonin level of the night-shift workers was lower than that of the non-night-shift workers (p = 0.000). MDA, depth of pocket, and BOP were higher in the night-shift workers (p = 0.000). Only salivary melatonin showed a correlation with sleep time duration in the night-shift worker group (p 0.05). Conclusion: Night-shift workers showed higher rates of oral inflammation and periodontal health status, but there was no relationship between these factors and sleep time duration

Oral field cancerization: Genetic profiling for a prevention strategy for oral potentially malignant disorders

Background: Oral cancer therapy, such as radiation or surgical treatment, has pernicious long-term effects that patients suffer throughout their life, the disability being considerable with delayed diagnosis. It is well known that many oral cancers develop from oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Patients diagnosed with OPMDs may have an increased risk of developing cancer anywhere in the oral cavity. Early detection and intervention could be essential prevention strategies to inhibit oral cancer progression. OPMDs may not immediately develop into carcinoma. However, this condition provides a “field” of specific abnormalities wherein evolving altered genetic cells can be explained with the “field cancerization” concept. Purpose: This review aims to describe the “field cancerization” concept in oral cancer and OPMD, which is expected to contribute to a better clinical management strategy for oral cancer prevention. Review: “Oral field cancerization” describes oral cancers that develop in multifocal areas of pre-cancerous changes. It can be found as histologically abnormal tissue surrounding the tumor, suggesting that oral cancer often consists of multiple independent lesions. Conclusion: The oral field cancerization concept should prompt healthcare professionals to remind their patients that frequent oral examination with histological studies and molecular testing is mandatory for those at high risk of developing malignancies

Concanavalin A Enhanced Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells

Objective Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can be used as a component in the formation of regenerative dentine during direct pulp capping therapy. Concanavalin A (ConA) is a type of lectin with a molecular weight of 26 kDa derived from the Canavalia ensiformis plant. Lectins possess strong proliferation and differentiation abilities in various animal cells including lymphocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. The aim of study was to determine the effect of ConA on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs in vitro. Materials and Methods In this in vitro study, DPSCs were isolated from third molars before ConA induction was performed at concentrations of 5 and 10 μg/mL. The proliferation assay was determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Osteogenic differentiation was determined by means of mineralization. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and a Student’s t-test. The p-value was set at 0.05. Results The addition of 5 and 10 µg/mL of ConA to DPSCs can significantly increase the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs (p ≤0.05). Conclusion ConA can increase the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs