Development Of Real-Time Indoor Human Tracking System Using Lora Technology

Industrial growth has increased the number of jobs hence increase the number of employees. Therefore, it is impossible to track the location of all employees in the same building at the same time as they are placed in a different department. In this work, a real-time indoor human tracking system is developed to determine the location of employees in a real-time implementation. In this work, the long-range (LoRa) technology is used as the communication medium to establish the communication between the tracker and the gateway in the developed system due to its low power with high coverage range besides requires low cost for deployment. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) based positioning method is used to measure the power level at the receiver which is the gateway to determine the location of the employees. Different scenarios have been considered to evaluate the performance of the developed system in terms of precision and reliability. This includes the size of the area, the number of obstacles in the considered area, and the height of the tracker and the gateway. A real-time testbed implementation has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the developed system and the results show that the system has high precision and are reliable for all considered scenario

Real-time traffic sign detection and recognition using Raspberry Pi

Nowadays, the number of road accident in Malaysia is increasing expeditiously. One of the ways to reduce the number of road accident is through the development of the advanced driving assistance system (ADAS) by professional engineers. Several ADAS system has been proposed by taking into consideration the delay tolerance and the accuracy of the system itself. In this work, a traffic sign recognition system has been developed to increase the safety of the road users by installing the system inside the car for driver’s awareness. TensorFlow algorithm has been considered in this work for object recognition through machine learning due to its high accuracy. The algorithm is embedded in the Raspberry Pi 3 for processing and analysis to detect the traffic sign from the real-time video recording from Raspberry Pi camera NoIR. This work aims to study the accuracy, delay and reliability of the developed system using a Raspberry Pi 3 processor considering several scenarios related to the state of the environment and the condition of the traffic signs. A real-time testbed implementation has been conducted considering twenty different traffic signs and the results show that the system has more than 90% accuracy and is reliable with an acceptable delay

Throughput Analysis of Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Real-Time Load Distribution in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are self-organized systems that depend on highly distributed and scattered low cost tiny devices. These devices have some limitations such as processing capability, memory size, communication distance coverage and energy capabilities. In order to maximize the autonomy of individual nodes and indirectly the lifetime of the network, most of the research work is done on power saving techniques. Hence, we propose energy-aware load distribution technique that can provide an excellent data transfer of packets from source to destination via hop by hop basis. Therefore, by making use of the cross-layer interactions between the physical layer and the network layer thus leads to an improvement in energy efficiency of the entire network when compared with other protocols and it also improves the response time in case of network change

Multi Hop Transmission in IEEE 802.11 Low Rate Ad Hoc Network Using ARP-Route

Ad hoc networks are becoming more important in the modern complex environment. The ad hoc network can be used to instantly connect to the local or remote networks such as the Internet without the need of pre-existing infrastructure or centralized administration. The users of the network together will establish the infrastructure. The disadvantage of wireless communication is that it has limited range of radio transmission. Due to this, multiple network ‘hops’ are needed for one device to exchange data with another device across the network. In an ad hoc network, these devices will not only operate as a host but also as a router to forward the packets. There are varieties of routing protocols targeted for this environment that have been proposed and developed. However, most of them suffer from high overhead data traffic. The main purpose of this project is to implement the ad hoc network with the existing network protocol that had already been used in network environment which is the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). ARP was designed to announce or find MAC addresses. The novelty of this study is that we have extended the usage of the ARP protocol to act as routing protocol in wireless ad hoc network. The ARP route provides two new operation types, ARP Forward Request and ARP Forward Reply to allow the multihop transmission using intermediate nodes to forward the request and reply. These two operation types only used the current operation codes which are ‘0x0001’ for request and ‘0x0002’ for reply. This work on the routing protocol creates a new operation code for the ARP forwarding scheme which is ‘0x000c’ for forwarding. We have successfully managed to create a multi hop transmission in an ad hoc network by using the current existing operation code for the ARP forwarding. The work scope focus only on proving that the method can be applied hence it is not necessarily to prove the effectiveness of this proposed method yet. Therefore, the outcome of the study shows that the data can be sent through multi hop transmission until it reaches the destination. The 802.11b test-bed has been configured and the ARP routing protocol has been implemented for multi hop transmission. The experiment in the open space provides the comparison of environment with obstacles and without obstacles. We manage to get more than 50% of packet receive at a place with no obstacles and more than 45% in a place with obstacles. The proof of method is shown by using several graphs namely in terms of time, packet loss and also throughput

Implementing multi hop transmission in wireless low rate IEEE 802.11 network

An Ad Hoc networks are becoming more important in the daily lives. It can be used to instantly connect to local or remote networks such as the internet without the need of pre-existing infrastructure or centralized administration. The users of the network together will establish the infrastructure. The disadvantage of wireless communication is that it has limited range of radio transmission. Due to this, multiple network „hops? may be needed for one node to exchange data with another across the network. In an ad hoc network, the nodes may not only operate as a host but also as a router to forwarding the packets to others nodes. There are variety of routing protocol targeted at this environment have been developed and most of them suffers from high overhead data traffic. The main purpose of this project is to develop a new routing strategy. The new routing is developed by using the existing network protocol that had been already used in network environments which is the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). This new routing is used to maintain and establish routes in a vehicular ad hoc routing network. Many of the existing strategies nowadays are wasting these resources. By extending the ARP protocol with two new operation types, ARP Forward Request and ARP Forward Reply to allow the intermediate nodes to forward the request and reply, we have successfully manage to create a multi hop transmission in ad hoc network. The data can be sent through multi hop transmission until it reaches the destination. Measurement taken from a 3 nodes of 802.11b test bed demonstrate the new routing protocol for multi hop transmission can be used in an ad hoc network and it can perform well

Energy Efficient and Resilient Internet of Things Networks

Advancement in Internet-of-Things (IoT), mobile technologies and cloud computing services have inspired numerous designs for cloud-based real-time health monitoring systems. However, the massive transfer of health-related data to cloud contributes to increase the congestion in the networking infrastructure which leads to high latency and increased power consumption. Therefore, fog computing is introduced to provide service provisioning close to users. Nevertheless, the energy consumption of both transport network and processing infrastructures have yet to be probed further. Hence, this study proposes a new fog computing architecture under Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) access network for health monitoring applications. A Mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is introduced to optimise the number and locations of the processing servers at the network edge for energy-efficient fog computing. The model is developed for GPON and Ethernet access networks used to support fog processing. The impact of equipment idle power and the traffic volume have been investigated, and their effect on energy efficiency to serve low and high data rate health monitoring applications is established. The work also proposes resilient fog processing architectures for health monitoring applications. A MILP model for energy-efficient and resilient fog computing infrastructure considering two types of server protections related to geographic locations of primary and secondary processing servers are developed to optimise the number and locations of the processing servers at the network edge. In addition, a MILP model is developed to optimise energy efficiency and resilience of the proposed fog processing architectures considering server protection with geographical constraints and network protection with link and node disjoint resilience. The impact of increasing the level of resilience on the energy consumption of networking and processing is studied in contexts where the goal is to serve low and high data rate health monitoring applications

Real-Time Traffic Sign Detection And Recognition Using Raspberry Pi

Nowadays, the number of road accident in Malaysia is increasing expeditiously. One of the ways to reduce the number of road accident is through the development of the advanced driving assistance system (ADAS) by professional engineers. Several ADAS system has been proposed by taking into consideration the delay tolerance and the accuracy of the system itself. In this work, a traffic sign recognition system has been developed to increase the safety of the road users by installing the system inside the car for driver’s awareness. TensorFlow algorithm has been considered in this work for object recognition through machine learning due to its high accuracy. The algorithm is embedded in the Raspberry Pi 3 for processing and analysis to detect the traffic sign from the real-time video recording from Raspberry Pi camera NoIR. This work aims to study the accuracy, delay and reliability of the developed system using a RaspberryPi 3 processor considering several scenarios related to the state of the environment and the condition of the traffic signs. A real-time testbed implementation has been conducted considering twenty different traffic signs and the results show that the system has more than 90% accuracy and is reliable with an acceptable dela

Development Of Real-Time Lora-Based Air Pollution Monitoring System

Air pollution can cause long-term health effects on humans, such as heart disease, lung cancers, and respiratory disease. There are many forms of contamination induced by smoke or gas emissions due to fossil fuel burning from transportation. Furthermore, manufacturing operations also negatively impact the air quality, where the production of plastics, electronics, and rubber, has contributed to a rise in organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and dust contaminations. Therefore, in this work, a real-time air pollution monitoring system has been developed to monitor air quality considering three types of gas sensors which are MQ2, MQ7 and MQ135. Also, LoRa communication technology is used as the communication modules between the sensor node located at the site and the gateway. The system is also equipped with an additional notification system to send the monitored air concentration data to the control room via the Telegram application. For monitoring purposes, the monitored data from the sensors will be updated every 5 minutes in the server using the Node-Red platform. The performance of the developed system has been evaluated considering six different distances between the sensor node and gateway, and the results show that the system has high reliability. The results also indicate that the average received signal strength indicator (RRSI) value of the LoRa module between the sensors and gateway reduced with the increasing distance between the sensor node and gateway. However, this does not affect the performance of the developed system

Portable Wireless Traffic Light System (PWTLS)

A Portable Wireless Traffic Light System using a microcontroller and wireless ZigBee is the best system to control the traffic flow during the road construction or maintenance. This traffic light is designed to solve the various type of hazard which may happen to the worker, flagman and also road users during the road construction. The communication between these two traffic lights is via wireless. Due to this it can be deployed anywhere because no wire is used. This system is equipped with the safety purpose where it is equipped with motion and infrared sensor to detect and count the number of vehicles to avoid any collision. This automated system can be used 24-hours in various weather conditions. This eliminate the limited working hours when using the flagman. This system is a low cost system where it uses microcontroller to control the system

PARAMETER STUDY OF STABLE WALKING GAITS FOR NAO HUMANOID ROBOT

It is a challenge to any researcher to maintain the stability of the robot while in the walking motion. This paper proposes for parameter study of a walking pattern method which is inspired by the Dip Goswami (2009). The walking pattern is generated based on three points. These points are located at ankle left and right and one at the hip of the NAO humanoid robot. By using these points the walking gaits are generated to use as a reference point while walking motion. Then, an inverse kinematics with geometric solution of a ten degree-of-freedom humanoid robot is formulated from hip until the ankle joint. By sampling period of time with ten this reference point is used to find the joint angle of each link. The NAO humanoid robot is built in with force resistive sensor (FSR) located under both feet are used to determine the walking stability by using force distributer concept. The zero moment point of the robot is calculated on the normalized value between FSR reading from right leg and left leg. The result shown based on the real time simulation environment by using Webots Robotic Software. A simulation result shows that a NAO humanoid robot successfully walks in stable condition by following five different walking parameter setting. The humanoid robot is stable if and only if the normalized value of the ZMP is between 1 and -1