A Loss of the HMCS \u3cem\u3eClayoquot\u3c/em\u3e

The torpedo struck without warning. HMCS Clayoquot was returning from an anti-submarine sweep in the approaches to Halifax harbour when its stern rose into the air, mangled by the detonation of a German T-5 acoustic homing torpedo. The men aboard felt two concussions, the second likely being depth charges stored on Clayoquot’s stern set off by the torpedo. Whatever the details, the explosions were devastating for the small Bangor class minesweeper. A grainy photograph of the doomed ship shows the stern blasted vertical, the ship listing to starboard. Clayoquot lasted barely ten minutes after being hit, just long enough for all but eight of her crew to escape. The worst fate befell two young officers trapped in the port forward-cabin. These men called out through a port hole for axes to chop their way to freedom, but all the axes were underwater. The merciless sea closed around them as the ship vanished

Confronting Technological and Tactical Change: Allied Anti-Submarine Warfare in the Last Year of the Battle for the Atlantic

The recall of German U-boat wolfpacks from the central north Atlantic at the end of May 1943 ended the most costly phase of the shipping war for the Allies. Never again would the German U-boats inflict dangerously high shipping losses. The naval war remained bitter, nonetheless, for the U-boats refused to give up, turning instead to new technology and new tactics. Right to the end, they continued to present a plausible threat that caused concern in high Allied circles. Indeed, in January 1945 the First Sea Lord of the Admiralty was moved to warn that, “The high shipping losses which may occur during the first half of 1945 may well prejudice the maintenance of our forces in Europe....” The ensuing struggle in early 1945 led to a confrontation and tactical changes by the U-boats countered by operational and tactical adaptation produced in reply by Allied anti-submarine warfare (ASW) forces. This last phase of the battle of the Atlantic was fought out for the most part in the confusing and difficult shallow waters around the coasts of the United Kingdom and off the east coast of Canada, moving to the shores of the United States only in the last few months of the war. This campaign provides insights into how new and unexpected initiatives by an enemy could be dealt with even when no technological solutions were readily at hand. It also illustrates the difficulty that both submarine and antisubmarine forces encounter when operating in the challenging environment of shallow water

Weathering uncertainty traditional knowledge for climate change assessment and adaptation

This UNESCO report looks into the damaging effects of climate change on Indigenous cultures.When considering climate change, indigenous peoples and marginalized populations warrant particular attention. Impacts on their territories and communities are anticipated to be both early and severe due to their location in vulnerable environments, including small islands, high-altitude zones, desert margins and the circumpolar Arctic. Indeed, climate change poses a direct threat to many indigenous societies due to their continuing reliance upon resource-based livelihoods. Heightened exposure to negative impacts, however, is not the only reason for specific attention and concern. As many indigenous societies are socially and culturally distinct from mainstream society, decisions, policies and actions undertaken by the majority, even if well-intended, may prove inadequate, ill-adapted, and even inappropriate. There is therefore a need to understand the specific vulnerabilities, concerns, adaptation capacities and longer-term aspirations of indigenous peoples and marginalized communities throughout the world. Indigenous and traditional knowledge contribute to this broader understanding

Confronting Technological and Tactical Change: Allied Antisubmarine Warfare in the Last Year of the Battle of the Atlantic

The recall of German U-Boat Wolfpacks from the central North Atlantic at the end of May 1943 ended the most costly phase of the shipping war for the Allies. Never again would the U-boats inflict dangerously high shipping losses. The naval war remained bitter, however, for the U-boats refused to give up, turning instead to new technology and new tactics. Right to the end of the war, they continued to present a plausible threat, one that caused concern in high Allied circles

Magnetohydrodynamic Instabilities in a Rapidly Rotating System

Magnetohydrodynamics and its use in understanding the Earth's magnetic field has enjoyed much attention in the last fifty years. This has much to do with the recent explosion in computer technology which has allowed the formulation and numerical solution of model problems which are not immediately analytically tractable. In this thesis, we approach the hydromagnetic dynamo problem from a stability point of view. We do not concern ourselves with the generation of the main (or basic) field, but consider its stability to small perturbations. Any instabilities found are important since they give constraints on the unknown field and sustaining motions in the core. After the introduction in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 formulates a linearised hydromagnetic stability problem as an eigenvalue problem. For a hydromagnetic system in the geometry of an infinite cylindrical annulus, we have revealed the presence of double eigenvalues at various locations in the parameter space. We show that tracking a particular eigenvalue around a closed path in parameter space need not necessarily return the original eigenvalue. This phenomena was first examined by Jones (1987), in the context of Poiseuille flow. In the hydromagnetic problem, we find that the most unstable mode (i.e. the mode we are most interested in) often behaves in this manner. We show that classifying magnetic instabilities as being either of the resistive or ideal class is not possible at geophysically relevant field strengths. In a nonlinear eigenvalue analysis, Fearn, Lamb, McLean & Ogden (1997) demonstrated qualitative differences between the viscid and the inviscid (magnetostrophic) approaches indicating that finite viscosity models cannot yet reach a parameter regime characteristic of the Earth's core. In Chapters 3 and 4 we present a nonlinear hydromagnetic stability analysis in a bounded annular model of the Earth's core. We adopt the magnetostrophic approximation in the fluid main body but incorporate viscous effects from the boundary layers in the form of the geostrophic flow. The nonlinear problem is then solved numerically using a time-stepping method. Chapter 3 corroborates and extends the work of Fearn et al (1997) and Chapter 4 considers the stability and nonlinear development of more geophysically relevant basic fields that depend not only on the radial coordinate, but also on the axial coordinate. This work is then compared with the viscous analyses of Hutcheson & Fearn (1995a,b, 1996, 1997)

An analysis of the implementation and effect of early industrial policies in the United States

This thesis provides a brief historical overview of federal policies designed to promote the expansion or economic viability of certain industries. Federal railroad, irrigation, and tariff policies are then explored in greater detail to determine their effect on both the target industry and the economy as a whole. The outcome of this study can assist in determining the desirability of an expanded role by the Federal Government, and specifically the Department of Defense (DOD) through the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), into a more broad based industrial policy. The past and present federal policies dealing with the railroads, irrigation, and tariffs have all failed to make any of the target industries financially self sustaining. These have instead created a number of bureaucratic bodies designed to service the needs of their respective industries. The aggregate costs of these programs far exceed any imagined benefit. To adopt similar policies within DOD in order to target specific industries for the promotion of economic rather than national security concerns could only prove detrimental to both.http://archive.org/details/annalysisofimple1094539915Lieutenant, United States Navy.Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Innovation and incentives : role of the research funder in knowledge translation and scaling science

Thesis (DMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.ENGLISH SUMMARY : Research and innovation are vital to global sustainable development and human prosperity. However, it is well documented that the creation of knowledge does not ensure its effective and ethical application. In fact, studies indicate that knowledge is converted into action in slow, haphazard, and inequitable ways. This dissertation casts new light on this challenge by investigating an understudied component of knowledge translation (KT), the role of the research funder. This dissertation applied a multi-stream study design and mixed-methods data collection and analysis strategy. The research used an Integrated Knowledge Translation (IKT) approach which facilitated a focused and dynamic investigation, at the same time promoting relevance and uptake with the intended research-user, research funders. Stream one, Funders’ KT, initiates the dissertation using a single funder case study to construct a KT-focused evaluation protocol, and an international empirical scan of 26 health research funding agencies resulting in a state-of-the-art overview of how funders support KT. An unexpected and significant finding was the lack of empirical evidence guiding funders’ KT support. From this result, research streams two and three were born. Stream two, Scaling Science, investigates facilitators of research impact using a large multi-project review and in-depth case studies. Results include a typology of pathways to scale and four guiding principles for scaling impact. These innovations are converted into an action-oriented tool that will help researchers build evidenced practices into their research. Stream three, Research Quality Plus (RQ+), describes a novel evaluation framework for assessing research quality with KT in mind. The RQ+ approach is implemented in seven funder-based evaluations and the aggregate evaluation results are synthesized via meta-analysis. Results demonstrate that KT and scientific rigour can be pursued, accomplished, and assessed as equally valued dimensions of research quality. The validation of the RQ+ approach showcases a fresh and practical framework for funders and other science systems actors interested in KT and scaling science. Overall, the results of this dissertation fill a critical knowledge gap related to the role of the funder in research translation and impact. In turn, they demonstrate original and significant contributions to global academic knowledge and understanding of KT theory and practice. To convert this knowledge into action, practical guidance is developed, elaborated, and validated.ISISHWANKATHELO SESIXHOSA : Uphando neenguqu ezingobuchule zibalulekile kuphuhliso oluluqilima lwehlabathi jikelele nakwimpumelelo yabantu. Noko kunjalo, kushicilelwe ngokuthe gca ukuba ukudalwa kolwazi akuqinisekisi ukusebenza kwalo okukuko nokusetyenziswa kwalo kakuhle. Enyanisweni, izenzo zophononongo ziye zabonakalisa ukuba ulwazi luguqulwa ukuze lube ziintshukumo ngeendlela ezicothayo, ezingenacwangco nezingenabulungisa. Esi sincoko sakhela lo mngeni umkhanyo omtsha, ngokuphanda ngokungqalileyo inxalenye yoguqulo lolwazi (KT) esele iphononongwe kancinci, eyindima yomxhasi-ngezimali wophando. Esi sincoko sisebenzise uyilo lophononongo oluneenkalo eziliqela neqhinga lokuqokelela nokuhlalutya iinkcukacha elingengxubevange yemigaqo. Uphando luye lwaqhutywa ngokusebenzisa uGuqulo loLwazi ngokuHlangeneyo, -Integrated Knowledge Translation (IKT), ukuxhasa imfaneleko nosetyenziso ngumsebenzisi wophando ekujoliswe kuye: abaxhasi-ngezimali bophando. Uyilo lophononongo lwe-IKT oluneenkalo eziliqela luye lwabangela uphando olungqalileyo noluguquguquka lula. Inkalo yokuqala, yabaxhasi-ngezimali yoGuqulo loLwazi, i-Funders’ KT, iqalisa esi sincoko ngokusebenzisa isishwankathelo nesikena esijoliswe kwimeko yehlabathi jikelele see-arhente zabaxhasi-ngezimali ezingama-26. Isiphumo ibe luphengululo lodidi oluphezulu lwendlela abaxhasi-ngezimali abaxhasa ngayo i-KT (uGuqulo loLwazi). Okuthe kwafunyaniswa obekungalindelekanga nokubalulekileyo kukunqongophala kobungqina obuphathekayo obukhokela inkxaso yabaxhasi-ngezimali ngokujoliswe kwi-KT. Kweso siphumo, kuye kwavela inkalo yophando yesibini neyesithathu. Inkalo yesibini, Inzululwazi yokuKala, i-Scaling Science, iphanda abachopheli beziphumo zophando ngokusebenzisa uphengululo lweeprojekthi eziliqela nezishwankathelo zophononongo ngokunzulu. Iziphumo ziquka uludwe lwemizila yokukala neenqobo ezine ezikhokelayo kwiziphumo zokalo. Konke oku kuguqulwa ukuze kube sisixhobo esisekelezwe kwiintshukumo. Inkalo yesithathu, umGangatho woPhando onoChatha, i-Research Quality Plus (RQ+), uchaza izikhokelo zovavanyo ezitsha nezingaqhelekanga zokuhlola umgangatho wophando kuthathelwa i-KT ingqalelo. Indlela ye-RQ+ imiselwa ngeemvavanyo ezisixhenxe ezisekelwe kubaxhasi-ngezimali ize iqinisekiswe ngohlalutyo lweziphumo eziliqela (meta-analysis). Usetyenziso lwe-RQ+, nokushicilelwa kwalo kwirekhodi yemfundo neyomsebenzi, zibalula imeko entsha nengaqhelekanga yokucingwa kwakhona kovavanyo lophando. Iziphumo zesi sincoko ziphuhlisa isiseko solwazi lwendlela abaxhasi-ngezimali abanokuxhasa ngayo i-KT, zize zivule imizila emitsha yemisebenzi namaphepha-nkqubo elungiselelwe abaxhasi-ngezimali nangaphezulu. Izindululo ziyondlalwa ngokufanelekileyo.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Navorsing en innovasie is noodsaaklik vir wêreldwye volhoubare ontwikkeling en menslike vooruitgang. Nietemin is dit bekend dat die skepping van kennis geen waarborg is dat dit doeltreffend en eties toegepas sal word nie. Trouens, studies dui daarop dat kennis betreklik stadig, lukraak en ongelyk in aksie omgeskakel word. Hierdie verhandeling werp nuwe lig op hierdie uitdaging deur die rol van die navorsingsfinansier, ’n weinig bestudeerde komponent van kennistoepassing (“knowledge translation”, of “KT”), van nader te bekyk. Die verhandeling gebruik ’n multistroomstudieontwerp en ’n gemengdemetodestrategie vir datainsameling en -ontleding. Die navorsing is met behulp van ’n geïntegreerde kennistoepassings- (“IKT”- )benadering onderneem om relevansie en benutting onder die beoogde eindgebruikers, synde navorsingsfinansiers, aan te moedig. Die IKT-multistroomontwerp het ’n toegespitste en dinamiese ondersoek tot gevolg gehad. Die verhandeling open met die eerste stroom, Funders’ KT, wat ’n gevallestudie en ’n internasionale empiriese verkenning van 26 finansieringsagentskappe behels. Die resultaat is ’n aktuele oorsig van hoe finansiers KT ondersteun. ’n Onverwagte en beduidende bevinding was die gebrek aan empiriese bewyse om as grondslag vir finansiers se KT-ondersteuning te dien. Uit hierdie resultaat is die tweede en derde navorsingstrome geskep. Die tweede stroom, Scaling Science, bestudeer die fasiliteerders van navorsingsimpak met behulp van ’n multiprojekoorsig en dieptegevallestudies. Resultate sluit ’n tipologie van skaleringsroetes en vier rigsnoere vir skaleringsimpak in. Dít word dan in ’n aksiegerigte instrument omskep. Die derde stroom, Research Quality Plus (RQ+), beskryf ’n innoverende evalueringsraamwerk om navorsingsgehalte met KT in gedagte te beoordeel. Die RQ+-benadering word in sewe finansiergebaseerde evaluerings geïmplementeer en deur middel van meta-ontleding gestaaf. Die RQ+-toepassing, en die beskrywing daarvan in die akademiese en praktykrekord, bied ’n vindingryke metode om nuut oor navorsingsevaluering te dink. Die bevindinge van die verhandeling bied ’n kundigheidsbasis vir hoe finansiers KT kan ondersteun, en skep nuwe praktyk- en beleidsroetes vir navorsingsfinansiers én ander rolspelers. Aanbevelings word dienooreenkomstig aangebied.Doctora

Juvenile Fish Passage Through Culverts in Alaska: A Field Study

In the past, culvert design where fish passage was considered generally has been based on the weakest-swimming adult fish in a river system. It has also been recognized for some time that juvenile fish are very active throughout the year, moving upstream and downstream in response to a number of environmental factors. In Alaska, many natal and nonnatal streams in southcentral and southeastern Alaska support both Chinook (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum)) and Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)) for one to three years, respectively, before they emigrate to sea. Are we restricting desirable habitat for these juvenile salmonids with hydraulic structures such as culverts? Unfortunately we have little information on either the behavior of juveniles in the vicinity of hydraulic structures or their swimming abilities. The objective of this study was to examine the behavior of juveniles when attempting to ascend a culvert. It was hypothesized that vertical obstacles or high velocity of opposing flow may prevent juvenile fish from moving upstream. It was also hypothesized that they would determine and take the path of least resistance to optimize their chances of successfully ascending a culvert. Four culverts were selected for intensive study regarding juvenile fish passage: Beaver and Soldotna Creeks on Kenai Peninsula and No-name and Pass Creek Tributary on Prince of Wales Island. It was postulated that fish are motivated to move upstream to obtain food if they can establish its presence. We used salmon eggs as an attractive food source both to initially capture the juveniles and then to motivate them to ascend the culvert for possible recapture. Juvenile fish were captured in a baited minnow trap and stained with a dye. They were released downstream of the culvert while the food source was placed upstream in a minnow trap. We supplemented our visual observations with underwater video cameras. We made numerous hydrologic and hydraulic measurements at each site. Although we attempted to select culverts that would prove to be quite challenging to juvenile fish passage, in three of the culverts selected, juvenile fish, of the full range of the fork length initially captured, succeeded in ascending through the culvert. For the fourth culvert, some larger juvenile fish succeeded in ascending the culvert, but not the smaller of each fish type. It was clearly established that juvenile fish were motivated to move upstream to obtain food. In the Beaver Creek culvert, fish used the large corrugations to their advantage when ascending the culverts. The Pass Creek Tributary culvert had corrugations too small for fish to utilize. No-name Creek appeared to present not problems for juvenile fish for the water levels at the time of the visit as they small along the bottom on the centerline of the culvert. In general, observations of fish attempting to move upstream through the culvert revealed that they swam very close to the culvert wall, and in the case of high velocities (Beaver Creek and Pass Creed Tributary) they swam near the surface along the sidewall where velocities are reduced. It is obvious that the juvenile fish are attempting to minimize power output and energy expenditure by taking the path of least resistance. Although not quantitavely proven, it appears that as long as fish make some headway in their upstream movement they are content. The rationale for this conclusion is that fish do not know what they may encounter upstream so they attempt to conserve as much power and energy as possible while still moving forward. They generally do so by seeking out the lowest velocities in the cross-section. In areas of steep velocity gradients along the wall (where the areal extent of low velocities is limited), it is clear in our videotapes that fish have problems maintaining their position and preferred orientation. It is apparent from our observations that because of their small size, juvenile fish are hindered by turbulence and that this area needs more study.List of Figures - ii List of Tables - iv Disclaimer - v Abstract - vi Acknowledgment - ix Introduction - 1 Objectives - 2 Procedure - 3 Study Sites - 8 Selection - 8 Beaver Creek - 8 No-name Creek - 9 Soldotna Creek - 12 Pass Creek Tributary - 12 Past Studies - 14 Fish Behavior - 14 Juvenile Movement - 15 Results - 16 Beaver Creek - 16 No-name Creek - 26 Soldatna Creek - 29 Pass Creek Tributary - 39 Summary - 47 Research Needs - 49 References - 5