Method for Treating Cytokine Mediated Hepatic Injury

A method of modulating cytokine mediated hepatic injury by administering compound-D SEQ ID NO:1 to a mammal. A concentration of the compound in the range of about 0.5 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg in a physiologically acceptable formulation blocks a cytokine cascade. A therapeutic method of modulating cytokine mediated acute inflammatory, trauma induced and toxin induced hepatic injury, particularly via tumor necrosis factor modulation, is thus disclosed

Method for Treating a Viral Infection Related or a Chemical Toxin Related Hepatic Injury with Deltorphin D

A method of modulating cytokine mediated hepatic injury by administering compound-D SEQ ID NO:1 to a mammal. A concentration of the compound in the range of about 0.5 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg in a physiologically acceptable formulation blocks a cytokine cascade. A therapeutic method of modulating cytokine mediated acute inflammatory, trauma induced and toxin induced hepatic injury, particularly via tumor necrosis factor modulation, is thus disclosed

Method for Treating Cytokine Mediated Hepatic Injury

A method of modulating cytokine mediated hepatic injury by administering deltorphins to a mammal. Deltorphin I SEQ ID NO:1, deltorphin II SEQ ID NO:2 or combinations of deltorphins I SEQ ID NO:1 and II SEQ ID NO:2 may be administered. A deltorphin concentration in the range of about 0.5 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg in a physiologically acceptable formulation blocks a cytokine cascade in a murine model of septic shock. A therapeutic method of modulating cytokine mediated acute inflammatory, trauma induced and toxin induced hepatic injury, particularly via tumor necrosis factor modulation, is thus disclosed

Role of Nutrition in Alcoholic Liver Disease: Summary of the Symposium at the ESBRA 2017 Congress.

The symposium, "Role of Nutrition in Alcoholic Liver Disease", was held at the European Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Congress on 9 October 2017 in Crete, Greece. The goal of the symposium was to highlight recent advances and developments in the field of alcohol and nutrition. The symposium was focused on experimental and clinical aspects in relation to the role of different types of dietary nutrients and malnutrition in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The following is a summary of key research presented at this session. The speakers discussed the role of dietary fats and carbohydrates in the development and progression of alcohol-induced multi-organ pathology in animal models of ALD, analyzed novel nutrition-related therapeutics (specifically, betaine and zinc) in the treatment of ALD, and addressed clinical relevance of malnutrition and nutrition support in ALD. This summary of the symposium will benefit junior and senior faculty currently investigating alcohol-induced organ pathology as well as undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate students and fellows

Novel paradigms for the gut–brain axis during alcohol withdrawal, withdrawal-associated depression, and craving in patients with alcohol use disorder

IntroductionPatients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) exhibit symptoms such as alcohol withdrawal, depression, and cravings. The gut-immune response may play a significant role in manifesting these specific symptoms associated with AUD. This study examined the role of gut dysfunction, proinflammatory cytokines, and hormones in characterizing AUD symptoms.MethodsForty-eight AUD patients [men (n = 34) and women (n = 14)] aged 23–63 years were grouped using the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale (CIWA) as clinically significant (CS-CIWA [score > 10] [n = 22]) and a clinically not-significant group (NCS-CIWA [score ≤ 10] [n = 26]). Clinical data (CIWA, 90-day timeline followback [TLFB90], and lifetime drinking history [LTDH]) and blood samples (for testing proinflammatory cytokines, hormones, and markers of intestinal permeability) were analyzed. A subset of 16 AUD patients was assessed upon admission for their craving tendencies related to drug-seeking behavior using the Penn-Alcohol Craving Score (PACS).ResultsCS-CIWA group patients exhibited unique and significantly higher levels of adiponectin and interleukin (IL)-6 compared to NCS-CIWA. In the CS group, there were significant and high effects of association for the withdrawal score with gut-immune markers (lipopolysaccharide [LPS], adiponectin, IL-6, and IL-8) and for withdrawal-associated depression with gut-immune markers (scored using MADRS with LPS, soluble cells of differentiation type 14 [sCD14], IL-6, and IL-8). Craving (assessed by PACS, the Penn-Alcohol Craving Scale) was significantly characterized by what could be described as gut dysregulation (LBP [lipopolysaccharide binding protein] and leptin) and candidate proinflammatory (IL-1β and TNF-α) markers. Such a pathway model describes the heavy drinking phenotype, HDD90 (heavy drinking days past 90 days), with even higher effects (R2 = 0.955, p = 0.006) in the AUD patients, who had higher ratings for cravings (PACS > 5).DiscussionThe interaction of gut dysfunction cytokines involved in both inflammation and mediating activity constitutes a novel pathophysiological gut–brain axis for withdrawal symptoms and withdrawal-associated depression and craving symptoms in AUD. AUD patients with reported cravings show a significant characterization of the gut–brain axis response to heavy drinking.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT# 00106106

Laser-modified one- and two-photon absorption:Expanding the scope of optical nonlinearity

It is shown that conventional one-photon and two-photon absorption processes can be made subject to nonlinear optical control, in each case significantly modifying the efficiency of absorption, through the effect of a secondary, off-resonant stimulus laser beam. The mechanistic origin of these laser-modified absorption processes, in which the stimulus beam emerges unchanged, is traced to higher-order terms in standard perturbation treatments. These normally insignificant terms become unusually prominent when the secondary optical stimulus is moderately intense. Employing a quantum formulation, the effects of the stimulus beam on one-photon and two-photon absorption are analyzed, and calculations are performed to determine the degree of absorption enhancement, and the form of spectral manifestation, under various laser intensities. The implications of differences in selection rules are also considered and exemplified, leading to the identification of dark states that can be populated as a result of laser-modified absorption. Attention is also drawn to the possibility of quantum nondemolition measurements, based on such a form of optical nonlinearity

Nutrition Can Modulate the Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants: Implications in Risk Assessment and Human Health

Background: The paradigm of human risk assessment includes many variables that must be viewed collectively in order to improve human health and prevent chronic disease. The pathology of chronic diseases is complex, however, and may be influenced by exposure to environmental pollu-tants, a sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits. Much of the emerging evidence suggests that nutrition can modulate the toxicity of environmental pollutants, which may alter human risks associated with toxicant exposures

Using Nutrition for Intervention and Prevention against Environmental Chemical Toxicity and Associated Diseases

BACKGROUND: Nutrition and lifestyle are well-defined modulators of chronic diseases. Poor dietary habits (such as high intake of processed foods rich in fat and low intake of fruits and vegetables), as well as a sedentary lifestyle clearly contribute to today’s compromised quality of life in the United States. It is becoming increasingly clear that nutrition can modulate the toxicity of environmental pollutants. OBJECTIVES: Our goal in this commentary is to discuss the recommendation that nutrition should be considered a necessary variable in the study of human disease associated with exposure to environmental pollutants. DISCUSSION: Certain diets can contribute to compromised health by being a source of exposure to environmental toxic pollutants. Many of these pollutants are fat soluble, and thus fatty foods often contain higher levels of persistent organics than does vegetable matter. Nutrition can dictate the lipid milieu, oxidative stress, and antioxidant status within cells. The modulation of these parameters by an individual’s nutritional status may have profound affects on biological processes, and in turn influence the effects of environmental pollutants to cause disease or dysfunction. For example, potential adverse health effects associated with exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls may increase as a result of ingestion of certain dietary fats, whereas ingestion of fruits and vegetables, rich in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients or bioactive compounds, may provide protection. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that future directions in environmental health research explore this nutritional paradigm that incorporates a consideration of the relationships between nutrition and lifestyle, exposure to environmental toxicants, and disease. Nutritional interventions may provide the most sensible means to develop primary prevention strategies of diseases associated with many environmental toxic insults

Anthropogenic disruptions to longstanding patterns of trophic-size structure in vertebrates

Diet and body mass are inextricably linked in vertebrates: while herbivores and carnivores have converged on much larger sizes, invertivores and omnivores are, on average, much smaller, leading to a roughly U-shaped relationship between body size and trophic guild. Although this U-shaped trophic-size structure is well documented in extant terrestrial mammals, whether this pattern manifests across diverse vertebrate clades and biomes is unknown. Moreover, emergence of the U-shape over geological time and future persistence are unknown. Here we compiled a comprehensive dataset of diet and body size spanning several vertebrate classes and show that the U-shaped pattern is taxonomically and biogeographically universal in modern vertebrate groups, except for marine mammals and seabirds. We further found that, for terrestrial mammals, this U-shape emerged by the Palaeocene and has thus persisted for at least 66 million years. Yet disruption of this fundamental trophic-size structure in mammals appears likely in the next century, based on projected extinctions. Actions to prevent declines in the largest animals will sustain the functioning of Earth's wild ecosystems and biomass energy distributions that have persisted through deep time