Vergleichende Analyse sportwirtschaflticher Auswirkungen einigen Ländern

Sport plays an important social and economic role in developed countries. In the sense of economy, sport generates numerous economic effects at both micro and macro levels. At the microeconomic level those effects influence the development of sport and complementary economic activities (sport and the catering industry, sport and tourism, sport and construction industry etc.). At the macro level, sport in the developed countries produces many economic effects. The examples analyzed in this paper show that the annual income from sport in the USA amounts to 222 billion USD, with an ever growing tendency. The examples from the developed West-European countries suggest the total annual consumption for sport of around 80 billion USD. There are many other indicators that sport produces far greater economic effects than it causes on the budget expenses in the developed countries. The data on the economic effects of sport in Croatia, as a country in transition, show that sport (directly or through tourism and other activities) generates significant economic effects, surpassing by far the expenses of the sport activities, but falling far behind the developed West-European countries. Although the missing data for other European countries prevent a more reliable analysis, it is possible - on the basis of the presented examples - to perceive the impact of sport on the economic development.Der Sport spielt in den entwickelten Lindern eine wichtige gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Rolle. Im wirtschaftlichen Sinne bewirkt der Sport viele Wirtschaftseffekte an der mikro- und makroökonomischen Ebene. Die Wirtschaftseffekte an der mikroökonomischen Ebene tragen der Entwicklung von Sport und ergänzenden wirtschaftlichen Tätigkeiten bei (Sport und Gastgewerbe, Sport und Fremdenverkehr, Sport und Bauwesen u.a.). An der makroökonomischen Ebene erreicht der Sport in den entwickelten Lindern zahlreiche Wirtschaftseffeke. Die in der Arbeit erarbeitete Beispiele zeigen, dass Sport in den USA einen jährlichen Gewinn von 222 Mrd. US $erbringt und sich in steigender Tendenz befindet. Die Beispiele aus den entwickelten westeuropäischen Ländern erweisen den jährlichen Gesamtgewinn von 80 Mrld. US$. Viele weitere Merkmale beweisen, dass in den entwickelten Lindern im Sport erzielte Gewinne hoher als Staatszuschüsse dazu sind. Die Angaben über sportwirtschaftlichen Effekte in Kroatien, einem Transitland, zeigen, dass direkt oder über Sport (durch Fremdenverkehr und andere Dienstleistungen) die bedeutenden Wirtschaftseffekte erzielt werden, die weit hinaus die Geldeinlagen darin überschreiten, die aber anderseits hinter denen aus den entwickelten europäischen Ländern zurückbleiben. Obwohl eine zuverlässigere Analyse durch die fehlenden Angaben aus anderen europäischen Ländern unmöglich war, ermöglichen die analysierten Beispiele die Erkennung von sportwirtschaftlichen Effekten in der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung

MANAGING ENTREPRENEURIAL PROJECTS IN TOURISM OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

Polazeći od spoznaje da je poduzetništvo u turizmu vrlo složena poslovna aktivnost, kao što je složen i sam pojam turizma, autori su u radu pokušali prikazati teoretski okvir primjene po¬duzetničkih strategija u malim i srednjim poduzećima u turizmu. U tom okviru provedena je kratka analiza i ocjena postojećih poduzeća, pri čemu se dolazi do zaključka da upravo ugostiteljski objekti prevladavaju u navedenoj strukturi hrvatskog poduzetništva. Signifikantno je također da ugostiteljski objekti pokazuju tendenciju stalnog rasta i razvoja, kao i povećanja broja djelatnika pa je realno za očekivati da će broj zaposlenih, koji danas iznosi 40.000, u budućnosti biti i veći. U radu se polazi od hipoteze da su poduzetnički programi osnova razvoja malih i srednjih poduzeća u turizmu Republike Hrvatske, a objašnjava se i metodologija pokretanja potencijalnih poduzetničkih projekata. Pored na¬vedenog, analiziraju se i određene mogućnosti za razvoj novih poduzetničkih projekata u okviru turi¬zma. Zaključno, autori ukazuju na potrebu i način upravljanja poduzetničkim projektima u turizmu kako bi se izbjegla stihija i neizvjesnost, ali i smanjio rizik njihove realizacije.Based on the cognition that entrepreneurship in tourism is a highly complex busi¬ness activity, as well as the tourism itself, the authors of the paper have tried to demonstrate theoreti¬cal framework for applying entrepreneurial strategies in small and medium tourism enterprises. In that sense a short analysis and evaluation of the existing enterprises was conducted. The conclusion of the analysis is that catering industry predominates in the structure of entrepreneurship in Croatia. It is significant that catering objects show a tendency of constant growth and development, as well as the growth of the number of employees. It is therefore realistic to expect that the number of employees in these objects, which today amounts to about 40,000, will continue to grow in the future. The basic hypothesis of this paper is that entrepreneurial projects are the foundation of development of small and medium tourism enterprises in Croatia. Besides that, certain possibilities of developing new en¬trepreneurial projects within tourism are analyzed. The authors point out the need and method of managing entrepreneurial projects in tourism in order to avoid uncertainty and reduce the risk in their realization

Planiranje u hrvatskim nacionalnim sportskim savezima

Management is a process conducted through various functions, and planning seems to be one of truly the most important ones. Process of planning should tell us where an organisation is now, where it wants to be, and how to get there. Although mostly researched within the context of profit organisations, its importance is being stressed ever more in non-profit organisations as well. National sport federations are non-profit organisations responsible for the organisation and development of sport throughout all the layers of a single discipline (from grassroots to the elite one) at national level. As governing bodies they should set an example on how to conduct their business for all other sport organisations in their discipline, i.e. clubs. In addition, since their customer base is quite large and different, in order to satisfy all needs, a proper process of planning is a prerequisite for achieving organisational goals. The research has shown that the level of satisfaction with the process of planning is above expected, but there is still space for improvement.Menadžment je proces koji se provodi kroz razne funkcije, pri čemu je funkcija planiranje zaista jedna od najvažnijih. Proces planiranja bi trebao ukazati na to gdje se organizacija nalazi u određenom trenutku, gdje želi biti u budućnosti i kako će tamo stići. Iako se uglavnom izučava u kontekstu profitnih organizacija, važnost ove funkcije sve se više naglašava i u neprofitnim organizacijama. Nacionalni sportski savezi su neprofitne organizacije odgovorne za organizaciju i razvoj sporta u jednoj zemlji kroz sve slojeve pojedine sportske discipline (od najniže do najviše razine). Kao rukovodeća tijela, nacionalni bi savezi trebali biti primjer drugim sportskim organizacijama, tj. klubovima, o tome kako poslovati. Pored navedenog, budući da je njihova baza korisnika poprilično široka i različita, nužan je dobar proces planiranja kako bi ostvarili organizacijske ciljeve, ali i podmirili sve potrebe korisnika. Istraživanje je pokazalo kako je razina zadovoljstva procesom planiranja iznad očekivanja, no još uvijek ima prostora za poboljšanja

Promotion als Element des Marketing-Mix im Sport und Sport-Tourismus: kroatische Erfahrungen

The economics of sport, sport marketing, sport management and entrepreneurship in sport are relatively new concepts, both in Croatia and in the world, as regards their analysis and possibilities of implementation. Therefore, studies of these concepts contribute valuable knowledge that will encourage further research into the development of corresponding marketing strategies and their implementation. The finding that sport activity participation has beneficial effects on the health status of people on the one hand, and on the other, the boom of sports industry led to the development of a new type of tourism, namely, the sport tourism. The importance of promotion as a marketing mix element employed in sport and tourism is indisputable, and the selection of promotional mix strategies is crucial for the realization of marketing goals.Promocija kao element sportskog marketing miksa predstavlja zbroj različitih aktivnosti i nastojanja kompanija da potencijalne i stvarne potrošače upoznaju sa svojim proizvodima. Promocija sportskih proizvoda i usluga danas je nezaobilazan čimbenik u funkciji razvoja sporta, jer se sportski proizvodi velikim dijelom realiziraju na tržištu. S obzirom da turizam predstavlja industriju od koje Hrvatska očekuje velike ekonomske učinke, prilagođavanje turističke ponude neminovno ide u smjeru praćenja svjetskih trendova, što u konkretnom slučaju znači da se turistička ponuda oslanja na rezultate istraživanja po kojima zahtjevi turista za sportski orijentiranim aktivnim odmorima zauzimaju visoko mjesto na ljestvici motiva za odabir određene turističke destinacije. U ovome su radu prikazani povezanost turizma i sporta te, posljedično, načini promoviranja sportskih proizvoda i usluga u hrvatskom sportu i sportskom turizmu. Brojnost sportaša u raznim sportovima i broj njihovih nastupa na međunarodnim natjecanjima, kao i broj sportskih natjecanja organiziranih u Republici Hrvatskoj u kojima sudjeluju sportaši iz cijelog svijeta predstavljaju realnu ekonomsku osnovu kako za promicanje sporta, sportaša, turističkih destinacija (podjednako onih u kojima se nude sportsko-rekreacijski sadržaji, ali i onih u kojima se nude usko specijalizirani programi, kao što su to, primjerice, programi za sportsku pripremu sportaša), tako i za realizaciju ekonomskih učinaka. Svjetski uspjesi hrvatskih sportaša imaju pri tome snažnu promotivnu ulogu. Njihova imena i rezultati predstavljaju jedan od najboljih načina reklamiranja turističkih destinacija, ali i lokaliteta koji omogućavaju provođenje programa sportske pripreme. Promocija programa pripreme sportaša trebala bi biti dio ukupne turističke ponude neke zemlje, pa tako i Hrvatske. U sportu je cilj promotivnih aktivnosti privući što veći broj potrošača-korisnika. U promociji sporta te u promociji sportskog turizma moguće je koristiti sve oblike i načine promocijskog spleta: propagandu, osobnu promociju i prodaju, publicitet i odnose s javnošću. Kvaliteta promocije ovisi, osim o pravilnom odabiru promotivnih strategija i promotivnih sredstava, o još jednom ključnom čimbeniku, čija je zadaća objediniti i staviti u funkciju sve prethodno navedene elemente. Taj je element čovjek. Specijalizirani i dobro obrazovani stručnjak zna što i kako promovirati u sportu. Stoga bi svaka sportska organizacija morala imati plan promocije.Ökonomie des Sports, Sport-Marketing, Sport-Management und Unternehmertum im Sport sind ziemlich neue Honzepte, sowohl in Hroatien als auch auf der Welt, bezüglich deren Analyse und Anwendung. Die Studien von diesen Honzepten werden deswegen als Resultat wertvolle Henntnisse haben, die dann die weitere Entwicklung entsprechender Marketing-Strategien und deren Anwendung fördern werden. Der Befund, dass sportive Betätigung vorteilhafte Wirkung auf den Gesundheitszustand der Menschen hat, einerseits, und die außerordentliche Expansion der Sportindustrie andererseits führten zur Entwicklung einer neuen Art vom Tourismus, nämlich, Sport-Tourismus. Die Bedeutung der Promotion, als ein Element des Marketing-Mix, das im Sport und Tourismus angewendet wird, ist unbestreitbar, und die Auswahl von Strategien, die dieses Marketing-Mix-Element gestalten, ist entscheidend für die Realisierung von Marketingszielen

Entwicklung des Sports und Unternehmertums

U razvijenim zemljama sport je važna društvena ali i gospodarska djelatnost. Uz brojne humanističke funkcije sport ima važnu ulogu kao faktor gospodarskog razvoja. Gospodarsku ulogu sport ostvaruje kroz različite programe poduzetništva. U sportu prevladavaju dva oblika i to: - poduzetništvo sportskih programa koji se realiziraju na tržištu (programi natjecanja, programi vježbanja, rekreacije, programi poduke sudionika sl.), - poduzetništvo sportskih i komplementarnih programa (sporta i turizma, sporta t industrije, zanatstva i sl.). U radu su utvrđene temeljne pretpostavke za razvoj poduzetništva u sportu, kao i neki poduzetnički programi koje je moguće razvijati u hrvatskom sportu.In developed countries sport represents an important social and economic activity. Together with numerous humanistic functions sport has a significant role as the factor of economic development. Sport realizes its economic role through different programmes of entrepreneurship. Two types of entrepreneurship prevail in sport: - entrepreneurship of sports programmes that are realized on the market (programmes of competitions, exercises, recreation, teaching, etc.), - entrepreneurship of sports and other complementary programmes (sport and tourism, sport and industry, handicrafts, etc.). In this paper we have established the basic prerequisites for the development of entrepreneurship in sport, as well as some entrepreneurial programmes that can be developed in Croatian sport.In den entwickelten Ländern ist der Sport eine wichtige gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit. Zusammen mit vielen humanistischen Funktionen hat der Sport noch eine wichtige Rolle, und zwar die Rolle eines Faktors der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Die wirtschaftliche Rolle des Sports manifestiert sich durch verschiedene Programme des Unternehmertums. Im Sport überwiegen zwei Formen des Unternehmertums und zwar: - das Unternehmertum im Bereich der sportlichen Programme, die auf dem Markt angeboten werden (die Wettkampf-, Übungs-, Rekreations- und Lehrprogramme u. ä.), - das Unternehmertum im Bereich der sportlichen und komplementären Programme (Sport und Tourismus, Sport und Industrie, Sport und Handwerk u.d.), In dieser Arbeit wurden sowohl die Grundvoraussetzungen für die Entwicklung des Unternehmertums im Sport angeführt, als auch einige Unternehmensprogramme, die im kroatischen Sport entwickelt werden können

Entrepreneurship programs in sport and tourism

U cilju razvoja kvalitetne turističke ponude različiti segmenti turističke ponude mogu se uspješno razvijati primjenom određenih oblika poduzetništva. Proces poduzetništva u turizmu zasniva se na privatnom vlasništvu te na tržišnim i ekonomskim kriterijima. U ovom radu su prikazani određeni programi poduzetništva u sportu i turizmu i to: tenis program te program golfa. Ovi programi pokazuju da poduzetništvo u sportu i turizmu može biti profitabilno ako ga vodi odgovarajući menedžment u turizmu, uz uvažavanje određenih ekonomskih kriterija.In order to develop the quality of tourism offer, various segments of the tourism offer can be successfully developed by applying particular types of entrepreneurship. The process of entrepreneurship in tourism is based on private property, market and economic criteria. This paper comprises particular entrepreneurship programs in sport and tourism: the programe of tennis-center and golf-program. These programs show that entrepreneurship in sport and tourism can be profitable if conducted by appropriate management, and if certain economic criteria would be taken into consideration

Uloga športa i rekreacije u razvitku hrvatskog turizma

Tourism in Croatia is on the turning point of its development. War devastation in Croatia negatively affected tourism. The process of restoration of Croatian tourism should not only renovate the ruined tourist facilities, but it should also overcome the disadvantages of the past development of tourism. One of the important factors of the variety and quality of tourist offer are sports-recreational activities and programmes which provide the possibility of active rest and recreation. In Croatian tourism, the sports-recreational offer has reached a certain level of development, but this offer is primarily oriented towards mass tourism. The policy of the development of Croatian tourism, which is directed towards strengthening of qualitative factors of tourist offer, expresses the need of innovating the sports-recreational offer which will be compatible with the new quality of Croatian tourism. This paper treats tourism and sport as interrelated fields, and emphasizes the factors of their interdependence. A short survey of historical interdependence of tourism and sport is also given in this paper. The role of sport in modern tourism is rather significant, because it becomes one of the essential motives for travelling to certain tourist destinations. The role of sport in tourism is manifested through numerous functions that are common to sport and tourism. These functions are: the health function, educational function, socio-political function and economic functions. Sport and recreation, apart from the fact that they enrich the tourist offer, often become the main motive for travelling to certain tourist destinations. Such trips represent a special selective type of tourism - the sports-recreational tourism. Apart from humanistic functions, sports-recreational tourism is the creator of certain economic values. The economic effects of sport in tourism are realized within tourist organizations, but also outside tourism (sporting equipment industry, building, handicraft trades, trade, etc.). This paper also gives the survey of the achieved economic effects of sport and recreation in Croatian tourism on the basis of several indicators: the number of the realized "sports room/nights", the number of users of sports-recreational services, and the achieved profit from sports-recreational services. These indicators also confirm the thesis that the sports-recreational services are an income-oriented category. The paper concludes with the evaluation of development possibilities of sports-recreational tourism in Croatia.Turizam se u Hrvatskoj nalazi na prekretnici svog razvitka. Golema ratna razaranja u Hrvatskoj posebno su se negativno odrazila na turizam. Proces obnove hrvatskog turizma trebao bi ne samo obnoviti unšitene turističke kapacitete, nego otkloniti dosadašnje slabosti turističkog razvitka. Jedan od značajnijih faktora bogatstva i kvalitete turističke ponude su športsko-rekreacijski sadržaji i programi koje pružaju mogućnosti aktivna odmora i rekreacije. U hrvatskom turizmu športsko-rekreacijska ponuda dostigla je određenu razinu razvitka, ali je ona upućena prije svega na masovne oblike turističkog prometa. U politici razvitka hrvatskog turizma koja je usmjerena na jačanje kvalitativnih činioca turističke ponude, potrebno je inovirati i športsko-rekreacijsku ponudu koja će biti primjerena novoj kvaliteti hrvatskog turizma. U radu se turizam i šport tretiraju kao međufunkcionalne pojave, a istraženi su činioci njihove međuzavisnosti. Daje se kratak pregled povijesne međuzavisnosti turizma i športa. U suvremenom turizmu pšort ima značajnu ulogu jer postaje jedan od važnih motiva za putovanje u određene turističke destinacije. Uloga športa u turizmu manifestira se u brojnim funkcijama koje su zajedničke športu i turizmu. To su zdravstvena funkcija, odgojno-obrazovna, socijalno-politička te ekonomska funkcija. U prilog tome u radu su prikazani ostvareni ekonomski učinci športa i rekreacije u hrvatskom turizmu s nekoliko pokazatelja: ostvarena "športska noćenja", broj korisnika športsko-rekreacijskih usluga te ostvarena dobit od pšortsko-rekreacijskih usluga. I ovi pokazatelji potvrdili su tezu da su športsko-rekreacijske usluge dohodovna kategorija. Na kraju se ovog rada daje ocjena mogućnosti razvitka športsko-rekracijskog turizma u Hrvatskoj u svim njegovima pojavnim oblicima

REVIEW OF THE BOOKS WRITTEN BY BORIS VUKONIĆ - FROM “TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT” TO “TOURISM - THE FUTURE OF MANY ILLUSIONS”

U ovom se radu ukratko prezentiraju znanstvene spoznaje prof. dr. sc. Borisa Vukonića koje su objavljene u njegovim knjigama o razvoju turizma u posljednjih dvadesetak godina. Glavni predmet istraživanja autora je turizam i razvoj, što je ujedno i naziv predmeta kojeg je prof. Vukonić predavao puna dva desetljeća na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Zagrebu. Prva knjiga „Turizam i razvoj“ objavljena 1987. godine bila je među prvim djelima iz ovog područja u Hrvatskoj. Izuzetnu vrijednost za razvoj teorije i prakse turizma imaju i druge dvije knjige autora: „Turizam i razvoj“ iz 2001. te knjiga „Turizam - budućnost mnogih iluzija“ iz 2010. godine. Temeljna svrha i cilj ovog priloga jest da ponovno upozorimo današnje studente i stručnjake u turizmu sa spoznajama i iskustvima koje je Vukonić iznio u svojim knjigama o razvoju turizma, a koje nisu nimalo izgubile na aktualnosti.In this paper we briefly present the body of scientific knowledge of Professor Boris Vukonić, published in his books on the development of tourism in the last twenty years. The main subject of the research is tourism and development, which is also the title of the university course that Professor Vukonić taught for two full decades at the Faculty of Economics in Zagreb. The first book, Tourism and Development, published in 1987, was one of the first works in this field in Croatia. The other two books, Tourism and Development and Tourism - the Future of Many Illusions published in 2001 and 2010 respectively are also of great value for the development of the theory and practice of tourism. The main purpose and the goal of this review is to inform today’s students of tourism and tourism experts about the insights and experience that Vukonić presented in his books on tourism development, which are still relevant today