30 research outputs found

    Supplementary Pension Funds in Hungary

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    Hungary has about ten years history of pension privatization process and the Hungarian experience could be really instructive. This paper is focused on the supplementary pensions trying to prove that no kind of reform of state pension system is able to solve all the problems of insufficient pensions. The paper highlights the main factors what could exetr an influence on the level of supplementary pensions. Some basic characteristics of the Hungarian private pension market are presented by means of empirical data and a complex measure of efficiency of pension fund operations is calculated.Pension Funds, Other Private Financial Institutions

    AlapnyugdĂ­j Ă©s pontrendszer

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    Ez a tanulmĂĄny a NyugdĂ­j Ă©s IdƑskor Kerekasztal (NYIKA) keretĂ©ben vĂ©gzett közös kutatĂĄsunk eredmĂ©nyeinek összefoglalĂĄsa, Augusztinovics MĂĄria legutolsĂł munkĂĄinak egyike. A NYIKA 2007 Ă©s 2009 közötti idƑszakban azt vizsgĂĄlta, hogy milyen vĂĄltozatokat tart lehetsĂ©gesnek a mƱködƑ nyugdĂ­jrendszer elkerĂŒlhetetlen reformjĂĄnak megvalĂłsĂ­tĂĄsĂĄra. Ezek között mi egy olyan rendszer kidolgozĂĄsĂĄt javasoltuk, amelyben a tĂĄrsadalombiztosĂ­tĂĄsi nyugdĂ­j egy rĂ©sze alapnyugdĂ­j, mĂ­g a mĂĄsik rĂ©sz egy szigorĂșan jĂĄrulĂ©kfĂŒggƑ nyugdĂ­j lenne. Az alapnyugdĂ­j bevezetĂ©se mindenekelƑtt a vĂ©gletes idƑskori szegĂ©nysĂ©g elkerĂŒlĂ©sĂ©t szolgĂĄlnĂĄ, de egyĂșttal lehetƑvĂ© tennĂ© a munkĂĄt terhelƑ jĂĄrulĂ©kok jelentƑs mĂ©rtĂ©kƱ csökkentĂ©sĂ©t is. A jĂĄrulĂ©kfĂŒggƑ nyugdĂ­jat pontrendszerben terveztĂŒk, aminek cĂ©lja a jĂĄrulĂ©kok Ă©s a nyugdĂ­jak közötti közvetlen kapcsolat megteremtĂ©se, valamint az automatikus indexĂĄlĂĄs megvalĂłsĂ­tĂĄsa. Emellett fontosnak tekintettĂŒk azt is, hogy egy ilyen rendszerben a biztosĂ­tottak minden Ă©letszakaszban felmĂ©rhetik, hogy mekkora az ĂĄltaluk mĂĄr megszolgĂĄlt vĂĄrhatĂł nyugdĂ­j mĂ©rtĂ©ke. A szĂĄmĂ­tĂĄsi eredmĂ©nyek mutatjĂĄk, hogy ez a rendszer megvalĂłsĂ­thatĂł Ă©s fenntarthatĂł lenne.* Journal of Economics Literature (JEL) kĂłd: H55, J21, J26

    <TRANSLATION>On the Softening of the Budget Constraint : an Empirical Study

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    Atypical maternal interaction is associated with elevated levels of hair cortisol in children

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    The quality of maternal caregiving is an important factor in the healthy development of a child. One consequence of prolonged insensitive and atypical maternal interaction behavior (e.g., withdrawing from interactions with the child and role-reversal, i.e., the takeover of the parental role or parts of it by the child) in mother-child-dyads can cause alteration of the child's stress response system. Higher salivary cortisol concentrations were reported in infants and toddlers directly after negative interactions with their parents. However, no study to date has examined the association between atypical maternal interaction behavior and hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in infants. Here, we studied the association of maternal interaction behavior with HCC of the child. Mother-child dyads (N = 112) participated in the longitudinal study My Childhood—Your Childhood. The AMBIANCE scale and its subscales were used to assess atypical maternal interaction behavior during the Strange Situation Procedure. Chronic stress levels in the child were assessed by HCC of 3 cm hair strands at the age of 12 months. Maternal educational level (operationalized in highest education level) served as a control variable. Robust multiple linear regression analyses revealed that role/boundary confusion was associated with HCC, i.e., the higher atypical interaction behavior of the mother the higher the HCC in the children. By measuring hair cortisol in this study, it is possible to determine the average long-term activity of the child's stress response system.Thus, atypical maternal interaction behavior could be a risk factor for persistent stress in children, contributing to a higher risk for negative health outcomes in later life. The results of this study highlight the importance of early intervention programs that focus on the relationship between mother and child

    Nyugdíj és gyermekvållalås 2.0 Nyugdíjreform elképzelések Konferencia kötet

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    A kötet a 2019. jĂșnius 13-ĂĄn, a Corvinus Egyetemen tartott hasonlĂł cĂ­mƱ konferenciaelƑadĂĄsait, illetve az azok alapjĂĄn kĂ©szĂŒlt tanulmĂĄnyokat tartalmazza. A cĂ­mben talĂĄlhatĂł „2.0" arra utal, hogy 2012-ben, hasonlĂł cĂ­mmel, ugyancsak a Corvinus Egyetemen mĂĄr tartottunk egy konferenciĂĄt, Ă­gy az Ă©rdeklƑdƑ olvasĂł összehasonlĂ­thatja, hogy a tĂ©ma kutatĂĄsa mennyit fejlƑdött 6 Ă©ve alatt. Az itt talĂĄlhatĂł nyugdĂ­jreform elkĂ©pzelĂ©sek között sok a hasonlĂłsĂĄg, de jelentƑsek a kĂŒlönbsĂ©gek is, Ă­gy azok alapos tanulmĂĄnyozĂĄsa Ă©s összehasonlĂ­tĂĄsa javasolt, hiszen a szerzƑk sok helyen - expliciten vagy impliciten - egymĂĄssal is vitatkoznak. Fontosnak tartottuk bemutatni a tĂ©mĂĄval kapcsolatos szkeptikus hangokat is, bĂĄr a szerkesztƑk maguk Ășgy vĂ©lik, hogy a gyermeknevelĂ©st Ă©s a nyugdĂ­jrendszert össze kell kapcsolni - ahogy az itt szereplƑ szerzƑk döntƑ hĂĄnyada javasolja

    NĂ©hĂĄny Ă©szrevĂ©tel a PEPP szabĂĄlyozĂĄsra vonatkozĂł elƑterjesztĂ©srƑl

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    Ez a hozzĂĄszĂłlĂĄs a PEPP lehetsĂ©ges magyarorszĂĄgi hatĂĄsairĂłl fogalmaz meg nĂ©hĂĄny gondolatot. A fƑbb ĂŒzenetek az alĂĄbbiakban foglalhatĂłk össze: 1. A magyar nyugdĂ­jpĂ©nztĂĄrak alapĂ­tĂĄsakor pontosan ugyanazok az indokok hangoztak el, mint a PEPP indoklĂĄsa kapcsĂĄn, nem valamifĂ©le vadonatĂșj gondolatrĂłl van tehĂĄt szĂł. 2. A fejletlenebb tƑkepiacĂș orszĂĄgoknak, Ă­gy MagyarorszĂĄgnak sem egyĂ©rtelmƱen kedvezƑ a PEPP termĂ©kek elterjesztĂ©se. Nagy valĂłszĂ­nƱsĂ©ggel a hazai nyugdĂ­j-megtakarĂ­tĂĄsok egy rĂ©szĂ©nek a kiĂĄramlĂĄsĂĄt fogja eredmĂ©nyezni. 3. Nem a nyugdĂ­jcĂ©lĂș megtakarĂ­tĂĄsok adĂłzĂĄsĂĄt kell harmonizĂĄlni, hanem elsƑsorban a nyugdĂ­jalapok hordozhatĂłsĂĄgĂĄt kellene megoldani. 4. Lehetne a PEPP egy követelmĂ©nyrendszer, Ă­gy bĂĄrmely mĂĄr lĂ©tezƑ nyugdĂ­jalap is elnyerhetnĂ© a PEPP minƑsĂ­tĂ©st, ha megfelel a követelmĂ©nyeknek. Ez valĂłdi versenyhelyzetet teremthetne a nyugdĂ­jbiztosĂ­tĂĄsi termĂ©kek piacĂĄn. | This paper gives some thoughts on the possible consequences of the PEPP concepts in Hungary. The messages are as follow: 1. The concept itself is not really new. The reasons for PEPP listed in the proposal are similar for those what were pointed out in the time of establishment of Hungarian voluntary pension funds 2. The PEPP concept is not really prefers countries with underdeveloped capital markets. Probably the major part of domestic pension savings is going to leave these countries. 3.The harmonisation of taxation of pension savings is not essentials. The most important is to warrant the portability of personal pension funds. 4. It would be desirable to define the requirements for pension products to become a PEPP. All existing pension funds what fulfils these requirements could be classified as a PEPP. It would create a real competitive market for pension products
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