10,195 research outputs found
Ionization and Coulomb explosion of Xenon clusters by intense, few-cycle laser pulses
Intense, ultrashort pulses of 800 nm laser light (12 fs, 4 optical
cycles) of peak intensity 510 W cm have been used to
irradiate gas-phase Xe clusters (=500-25,000) so as to induce multiple
ionization and subsequent Coulomb explosion. Energy distributions of exploding
ions are measured in the few-cycle domain that does not allow sufficient time
for the cluster to undergo Coulomb-driven expansion. This results in overall
dynamics that appear to be significantly different to those in the many-cycle
regime. One manifestation is that the maximum ion energies are measured to be
much lower than those obtained when longer pulses of the same intensity are
used. Ion yields are cluster-size independent but polarization dependent in
that they are significantly larger when the polarization is perpendicular to
the detection axis than along it. This unexpected behavior is qualitatively
rationalized in terms of a spatially anisotropic shielding effect induced by
the electronic charge cloud within the cluster
Cerebral autoregulation, brain injury, and the transitioning premature infant
Improvements in clinical management of the preterm infant have reduced the rates of the two most common forms of brain injury, such as severe intraventricular hemorrhage and white matter injury, both of which are contributory factors in the development of cerebral palsy. Nonetheless, they remain a persistent challenge and are associated with a significant increase in the risk of adverse neurodevelopment outcomes. Repeated episodes of ischemia–reperfusion represent a common pathway for both forms of injury, arising from discordance between systemic blood flow and the innate regulation of cerebral blood flow in the germinal matrix and periventricular white matter. Nevertheless, establishing firm hemodynamic boundaries, as a part of neuroprotective strategy, has challenged researchers. Existing measures either demonstrate inconsistent relationships with injury, as in the case of mean arterial blood pressure, or are not feasible for long-term monitoring, such as cardiac output estimated by echocardiography. These challenges have led some researchers to focus on the mechanisms that control blood flow to the brain, known as cerebrovascular autoregulation. Historically, the function of the cerebrovascular autoregulatory system has been difficult to quantify; however, the evolution of bedside monitoring devices, particularly near-infrared spectroscopy, has enabled new insights into these mechanisms and how impairment of blood flow regulation may contribute to catastrophic injury. In this review, we first seek to examine how technological advancement has changed the assessment of cerebrovascular autoregulation in premature infants. Next, we explore how clinical factors, including hypotension, vasoactive medications, acute and chronic hypoxia, and ventilation, alter the hemodynamic state of the preterm infant. Additionally, we examine how developmentally linked or acquired dysfunction in cerebral autoregulation contributes to preterm brain injury. In conclusion, we address exciting new approaches to the measurement of autoregulation and discuss the feasibility of translation to the bedside
Bone marrow mononuclear cells and acute myocardial infarction
PMCID: PMC3340546This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
Solar-energy-system performance evaluation: Honeywell OTS 44, Ocmulgee, Georgia
The operation and technical performance of the solar operational test site (OTS 44) are described, based on data collected between April, 1981 and August, 1981. The following topics are discussed: system description, performance assessment, operating energy, energy savings, system maintenance, and conclusions. The solar energy system at OTS 44 is a hydronic heating and cooling system consisting of 5040 square feet of liquid cooled flat plate collectors; a 4000 gallon thermal storage tank; one 25 ton capacity organic Rankine cycle engine assisted water chillers; a forced draft cooling tower; and associated piping, pumps, valves, controls and heat rejection equipment. The solar system has eight basic modes of operation and several combination modes for providing space conditioning and hot water to the building. Data monitored during the 4 months of the operational test period found that the solar system collected 285 MMBtu of thermal energy of the total incident solar energy of 1040 MMBtu and provided 210 MMBtu for cooling and 10 MMBtu for heating and hot water. The net electrical energy saving due to the solar system was approximately 2600 kWh(e), and fossil energy saving was about 20 million Btu (MMBtu)
Strong light fields coax intramolecular reactions on femtosecond time scales
Energetic H ions are formed as a result of intra-molecular
rearrangement during fragmentation of linear alcohols (methanol, ethanol,
propanol, hexanol, and dodecanol) induced by intense optical fields produced by
100 fs long, infrared, laser pulses of peak intensity 8 W
cm. Polarization dependent measurements show, counterintuitively, that
rearrangement is induced by the strong optical field within a single laser
pulse, and that it occurs before Coulomb explosion of the field-ionized
multiply charged alcohols
Assessment and preliminary design of an energy buffer for regenerative braking in electric vehicles
Energy buffer systems, capable of storing the vehicle energy during braking and reusing this stored energy during acceleration, were examined. Some of these buffer systems when incorporated in an electric vehicle would result in an improvement in the performance and range under stop and go driving conditions. Buffer systems considered included flywheels, hydropneumatic, pneumatic, spring, and regenerative braking. Buffer ranking and rating criteria were established. Buffer systems were rated based on predicted range improvements, consumer acceptance, driveability, safety, reliability and durability, and initial and life cycle costs. A hydropneumatic buffer system was selected
The information paradox: conflicts and resolutions
Many relativists have been long convinced that black hole evaporation leads
to information loss or remnants. String theorists have however not been too
worried about the issue, largely due to a belief that the Hawking argument for
information loss is flawed in its details. A recently derived inequality shows
that the Hawking argument for black holes with horizon can in fact be made
rigorous. What happens instead is that in string theory black hole microstates
have no horizons. Thus the evolution of radiation quanta with E ~ kT is
modified by order unity at the horizon, and we resolve the information paradox.
We discuss how it is still possible for E >> kT objects to see an approximate
black hole like geometry. We also note some possible implications of this
physics for the early Universe.Comment: 26 pages, 8 figures, Latex; (Expanded version of) proceedings for
Lepton-Photon 201
BeppoSAX observations of the Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 3516
We present the results of two observations of the bright Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC
3516, obtained with BeppoSAX in 1996 November and 1997 March. Useful signal is
detected between 0.2 and 60 keV, allowing for the first time the simultaneous
observation of all main spectral features. The source was brighter by a factor
2 at the second epoch of observation. Both spectra present a strong Fe Kalpha
line, and a reflection hump at high energy. An absorption edge at 0.8 keV is
visible in the later spectrum, but not in the earlier one, indicating that this
feature is strongly variable.Comment: to appear in : The Active X-ray Sky: Results from BeppoSAX and
Rossi-XTE, Nuclear Physics B Proceedings Supplements, L. Scarsi, H. Bradt, P.
Giommi and F. Fiore (eds.), Elsevier Science B.V. 4 pages LateX and 6 ps
figures, using espcrc2 and epsfi
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