Composite action of precast hollow core slabs with structural topping

There is no interface reinforcement in composite floors made of HC slabs covered with structural topping. In such structures, the preparation of the top surface of the precast element has a major influence on longitudinal shear strength. The recommendations of various codes concerning the bearing capacity of the non-reinforced joint in concrete composite structures are presented in this paper. The results of the authors’ own computational analysis have been compared with the results of experimental tests carried out by different research institutions. Calculations according to Eurocode 2 underrate the value of the bearing capacity. A much stronger conformity of the results was achieved for the calculations carried out according to previously existing standards or according to information given in Model Code 2010

Torsion of precast hollow core slabs

Pretensioned hollow core slabs are one of the most widely applied precast elements in the modern building industry all over the world. Due to the possibility of their use under various support or loading conditions, these elements repeatedly work under a complex stress state. Theoretical analysis of the phenomena of the interaction of shear and torsion in the above-mentioned HC elements is presented. The theoretical basis and design regulations of the computational model included in code PN-EN 1168+A3:2011 along with parametrical analysis of that model are demonstrated. The largest experimental research program of hollow-core slabs under shear and torsion conducted thus far is also briefly described – this study was carried out in Finland in 2004 and was the basis for the development and calibration of the numerical computational model formulated in Chalmers University of Technology in Göteborg, Sweden

Selected Aspects of Heat Transfer Study in a Gun Barrel of an Anti-Aircraft Cannon

The paper presents the results of computer simulations of the transient heat flow in the barrel wall of a 35 mm caliber cannon for a single shot and a sequence of seven shots for a selected 30HN2MFA barrel steel. It was assumed that the inner surface of the barrel does not have a protective layer of chromium or nitride. When calculating heat transfer in a barrel, constant and temperature variable values of thermal conductivity, specific heat and density (in the range from RT (Room Temperature) up to 1000) in the 30HN2MFA steel were assumed. The test results were compared for both cases. A barrel with a total length of 3150 mm was divided into 6 zones (i = 1,, 6) and in each of them, the heat flux density was calculated as a function of the time q _i (t) on the inner surface of the barrel. In each zone, the heat transfer coefficient, as a function of the time hi(t) and bore gas temperature as a function of the time Tg(t) to the cannon barrel for given ammunition parameters, was developed. A calculating time equaling 100 ms per single shot was assumed. The results of the calculations were obtained using FEM implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics ver. 5.6 software

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

Wpływ nadbetonu na pracę sprężonych płyt stropowych HC na podporach

Slim Floors (SF) are the structures made of the Hollow Core (HC) slabs supported on the slender beams, where the beam height is usually slightly greater than the height of precast slab element. With the increase of the supports' deflection, the deformation of the HC slab occurs, and in consequence, additional transverse normal and shear stresses appear in the precast element, which can cause a diagonal cracking and destruction of external webs of this element. It may also result in longitudinal cracks on bottom surface of the slab. Despite the frequent implementation of this type of structures, the existing standard EN 1168 gave only a brief record of the need to take the reduction in design shear capacity into account, but is not given any calculation procedure. It is widely believed that reduction of unfavourable effects of shear stress in the HC slab’s web can be achieved by filling the cores with concrete or arrangement of the monolithic layer or concrete topping. The fib guidelines are practically the only one document which allows to determine the shear capacity of SF slabs, including the influence of concrete topping or core filling – brief description of this design model is presented in the paper. In order to determine the effect of concrete topping on the behaviour of prestressed HC slabs on the flexible supports, a number of calculation analyzes were performed, which take into account the effects of thickness of the concrete topping, the value of the friction coefficient between the concrete topping and the precast element, the sequence of concreting of vertical joints and topping layer and the amount of supplementary reinforcement in the topping. The results of the calculations, and the conclusions derived from them, are presented in the article.Stropy Slim Floor (SF), to konstrukcje z płyt kanałowych (HC) opartych na smukłych belkach, w których wysokość dźwigara zazwyczaj nieznacznie przekracza wysokość prefabrykatu stropowego. Wraz ze wzrostem ugięcia podpór następuje deformacja układu płyt stropowych, w konsekwencji czego w prefabrykacie pojawiają się dodatkowe poprzeczne naprężenia normalne i&nbsp;styczne, mogące spowodować ukośne zarysowanie i&nbsp;w&nbsp;konsekwencji zniszczenie zewnętrznych żeberek płyt. Może również dojść do podłużnego zarysowania dolnej powierzchni płyty. Pomimo częstych realizacji tego typu konstrukcji, w&nbsp;obowiązującej normie EN 1168 znalazł się jedynie lakoniczny zapis o potrzebie uwzględnienia redukcji obliczeniowej nośności na ścinanie - nie podano jednak żadnej procedury obliczeniowej. Powszechnie uważa się, że zmniejszenie niekorzystnego wpływu stycznych naprężeń ścinających w żeberku płyty można osiągnąć poprzez wypełnienie betonem kanałów w&nbsp;skrajnych fragmentach płyty HC lub ułożenie monolitycznej warstwy nadbetonu. Wytyczne fib są praktycznie jedynym dokumentem pozwalającym określić nośność stropów SF z&nbsp;uwzględnieniem wpływu nadbetonu lub wypełnienia kanałów – w referacie skrótowo opisano ten model obliczeniowy. W celu określenia wpływu nadbetonu na pracę sprężonych płyt HC na podporach podatnych, wykonano szereg analiz obliczeniowych uwzględniających m.in. wpływ grubości nadbetonu, wartość współczynnika tarcia między nadbetonem a prefabrykatem, kolejności betonowania styków pionowych i warstwy nadbetonu, a także ilości zbrojenia w&nbsp;betonie uzupełniającym. Wyniki przeprowadzonych obliczeń, wraz z&nbsp;wnioskami z nich wynikającymi, przedstawiono w niniejszym artykule

Statical work of hollow core slabs on flexible support

Artykuł koncentruje się na wybranych aspektach statycznej pracy prefabrykowanych sprężonych płyt wielokanałowych wspartych na wspornikach elastycznych, tzw. struktury typu Slim Floor. Pierwsza część przedstawia zarys historyczny pojawienia się i rozwoju różnych rodzajów stalowych, betonowych i stalowo-betonowych belek zespolonych, wykorzystywanych w prefabrykowanych płaskich stropach, dla których wysokość belki jest tylko nieznacznie większa niż nominalna wysokość płyt. Opisano ponadto ogólną procedurę obliczania wytrzymałości na ścinanie płyt wielokanałowych według zaleceń fib. Wytrzymałość na ścinanie płyt wielokanałowych jest znacząco zredukowana przez odkształcenie poprzeczne systemu płyt stropowych w wyniku odchylenia wiotkiej belki.The paper is focused on selected aspects of static work of prestressed precast hollow core slabs supported on flexible supports, so-called Slim Floor structures. The first part presents a historical review of the emergence and development of various types of steel, concrete and steel-concrete composite beams, used in precast flat floors, for which the height of the beam is only slightly bigger than the nominal height of the slabs. A general procedure for calculating the shear capacity of hollow core slabs according to the fib recommendations is also described. The shear capacity of hollow core slabs is significantly reduced by the transverse deformation of the floor slab system due to the deflection of the slender beam

Studies on Influence of Chromium Layer on Inner Surface of Steel Tube on Heat Transfer

This paper presents the results of numerical calculations of heat transfer in the steel wall of a tube with different chromium layer thicknesses on the inner surface for a single and a sequence of heat impulses. In modeling the thermal phenomenon, the tube material was assumed to be homogeneous, and the inner surface of the tube had a protective chromium layer. The calculations were performed for temperature-dependent parameters of the 30HN2MFA steel and chromium. The tube was divided into 30 zones. The time varying the heat transfer coefficient and the heat flux density on the inner surface of the tube in each zone were calculated. The numerical simulations of heat transfer in the tube wall were performed using the FEM implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics software. On account of the high thermal conductivity of chromium, after the first and subsequent heat impulses, as the thickness of the chrome layer increases, the highest peak temperature drops, while the temperature inside the steel wall of the tube increases. After the first heat impulse, the temperature of the wall at a depth 0.5 mm below the inner surface is twice as high for a tube with a 200 µm thick chrome coating compared to a tube without this coating. This paper showed that, after seven heat impulses, the temperature of the steel tube substrate does not exceed 750 °C, at which the shrinkage of the material occurs, causing cracks in the chrome coating

Heat transferin the anti-aircraft gun barrel during fire with training and combat ammunition - comparison of calculation results

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki symulacji numerycznych wymiany ciepła w ściance lufy wykonanej ze stali 30HN2MFA ar-maty przeciwlotniczej kalibru 35 mm podczas strzelań amunicją bojową oraz ćwiczebną. Obliczenia wykonano dla pojedynczego strzału oraz sekwencji siedmiu strzałów dla dwóch rodzajów amunicji 35x228 mm: z pociskiem podkalibrowym FAPDS-T oraz z pociskiem ćwiczebnym TP-T. Lufę o długości 3150 mm podzielono na 6 stref i w każdej z nich obliczono temperaturę w funkcji czasu wzdłuż grubości ścianki lufy podczas strzelań. Wyniki porównano dla obu rodzajów amunicji.The paper presents results of numerical simulations of heat transfer in the 35 mm anti-aircraft gun barrel wall made of 30HN2MFA steel during firing with combat and practice ammunition. Calculations were made for a single shot and a sequence of seven shots for two types of ammunition 35x228 mm: with FAPDS-T projectile and TP-T practice projectile. The 3150 mm long barrel was divided into 6 zones and in each zone the temperature versus time was calculated along the barrel thickness during firing. The results were compared for both types of ammunition

Analytical model for determining the influence of support flexibility on shear capacity of hollow core slabs

The paper presents the authors’ model of calculating the shear capacity of prestressed concrete hollow core slabs in Slim Floor structures, the theoretical basis of which is Cholewicki’s two-beam model and the Finnish model by Pajari and Leskelӓ. The purpose of the model development was to find an alternative method for determining the horizontal tangential stress τzx which occurrence is decisive for reducing the shear resistance of channel slabs based on flexible supports. The model gives intermediate results between the Finnish model and the German model by Hegger and Roggendorf, which seems to be desirable, taking into account the conservative character of the Finnish model. The authors’ model is the first attempt to date at analytical consideration of the effect of web flexibility which may be important to maintaining an adequate capacity of the slab. In other models, the webs are treated as a rigid system, connecting the horizontal flanges of the slab. The model is a simple calculation tool, available to Slim Floor designers for an engineering analysis

Sub-Terahertz Computer Generated Hologram with Two Image Planes

An advanced optical structure such as a synthetic hologram (also called a computer-generated hologram) is designed for sub-terahertz radiation. The detailed design process is carried out using the ping-pong method, which is based on the modified iterative Gerchberg&#8315;Saxton algorithm. The novelty lies in designing and manufacturing a single hologram structure creating two different images at two distances. The hologram area is small in relation to the wavelength used (the largest hologram dimension is equivalent to around 57 wavelengths). Thus, it consists of a small amount of coded information, but despite this fact, the reconstruction is successful. Moreover, one of the reconstructed images is larger than the hologram area. Good accordance between numerical simulations and experimental evaluation was obtained