Marine Fishes in Fresh and Brackish Waters of Virginia Rivers

In the fresh and brackish waters of the James, Chickahominy, Pamunkey, Mattaponi and Rappahannock rivers in Virginia, 18 species of marine fishes ( exclusive of anadromous and catadromus forms) have been collected. Gunter\u27s (1942) exhaustive survey of the occurrence of Atlantic coast marine fishes in fresh water is here amplified for the most important tidal rivers of Virginia. Since 1949 intensive collecting has been done in brackish and tidal fresh waters of the Pamunkey and Rappahannock rivers, and numerous. collections have been made in the James, Chickahominy, and Mattaponi

Relative abundance of young fishes in Virginia estuaries

Watermen have expressed the opinion that commercial fish production varies considerably from one Virginia estuary to another. Preliminary surveys of the young fishes present in the various rivers have suggested that the relative abundance of young fishes also differs from river to river. The surface trawl (Massmann, Ladd, and McCutcheon, 1952) has been used to obtain quantitative information on the distribution and relative abundance of young fishes in five major Virginia estuaries

The River Shrimp, Macrobrachium ohione (Smith), in Virginia

The \u27\u27river shrimp belonging to the genus Macrobrachium, which range in length from 34 to more than 230 mm., are not to be confused with the smalier glass shrimp belonging to the genus Palaemonetes, at least one species of which is a common form in the waters of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain of Virginia

Lower James River pollution study, City Point to Chickahominy, August 6 - September 6, 1951 : a preliminary report of findings, conclusions and recommendations

Hopewell,m Virginia.is ·a highly industrialized city, the Celanese Corporation of .America, the Continental Can Company, the Hercules Powder Company and the Solvay Process: Division of· Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation having plants there. All of these plants have industrial and human wastes, the combined amount of which is great from. the standpoint of both volume and strength. In addition, there. are human wastes from the City cf Hopewell and its suburbs in Prince George County and from Camp Lee. All of those wastes, sewage and industrial are discharged into the James River, Bailey Creek and into other tributaries of the two. Primary treatment is given the wastes at Camp Lee; the others are discharged untreated. The location of all discharges in the Hopewell vicinity are shown in Figure I. With the exception of Bailey Creek, the impact of these wastes on the streams they enter was largely unknown, prior to this study. For many years Bailey Creek has been organized as an open sewer. Following passage of the Virginia. State Water Control -Law in 1946, the Hopewell industries all began programs leading to reduction of wastes they discharged. In order for them to determine the extent to which such reductions must ultimately be carried, it soon became apparent that information was needed regarding the effect of their wastes on the James River. During: the summer of 1951::the Hopowell industries, through the Hopewell Manufactures Association requested.the Water·Control Board\u27s help in making a study of the stream in the· Hopewell vicinity in an attempt to answer this question. The Board\u27s staff agreed to lend such assistance as was possible, and the initial phases of such a study were completed during the period ·August 6 - September 6, 1951

Abundance, age, and fecundity of shad, York River, VA, 1953-1959

A study of the American shad fishery of the York River Va. during 1959 showed an estimated total catch of 463,000 pounds, a fishing rate of 55.2 percent, and a total population of 839,000 pounds. Additional estimates of catch and effort were used to calculate fishing rate and population size for each year 1953 through 1958. Analyses of scales showed that most shad spawn at 3, 4, and 5 years of age and approximately, 23 percent of the fish caught during the 1957-59 seasons had spawned the previous year. The number of ova produced by. York River shad ranged from 169,000 to 436,000 per fish

The fishes of the tidewater section of the Pamunkey River, Virginia

The distribution of the fish fauna of the tidewater section of most of the rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay is poorly known. Indeed, this is true for practically all the great rivers tributary to the Atlantic from the Hudson southward to the Savannah. The few investigations usually have concentrated on commercial species and our understanding of distribution has been inferred from the knowledge of nearby Coastal Plain streams reported in such studies as those by Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928), Fowler (1945), Raney (1950), and Massmann, Ladd, McCutcheon (1952). In 1949 the junior author began a study of the spawning and early life history of shad in the Pamunkey and other nearby Virginia rivers and collected witli seines at numerous locations in the tidal area. After exploratory seining, many of the stations were visited at almost weekly intervals during the period June 28 to September 29, 1949. Since that time additional collections have been made at established stations on the Pamunkey indicated on the map (Fig. 1)

Spectral Characteristics and Correction of Long-Term Eddy-Covariance Measurements Over Two Mixed Hardwood Forests in Non-Flat Terrain

We present turbulence spectra and cospectra derived from long-term eddy-covariancemeasurements (nearly 40,000 hourly data over three to four years) and the transferfunctions of closed-path infrared gas analyzers over two mixed hardwood forests inthe mid-western U.S.A. The measurement heights ranged from 1.3 to 2.1 times themean tree height, and peak vegetation area index (VAI) was 3.5 to 4.7; the topographyat both sites deviates from ideal flat terrain. The analysis follows the approach ofKaimal et al. ( Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 98 , 563–589, 1972) whose results were based upon 15 hours of measurements atthree heights in the Kansas experiment over flatter and smoother terrain. Both thespectral and cospectral constants and stability functions for normalizing and collapsingspectra and cospectra in the inertial subrange were found to be different from those ofKaimal et al. In unstable conditions, we found that an appropriate stabilityfunction for the non-dimensional dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy is of the form Φ ε(ζ) = (1 - b - ζ) -1/4 - c - ζ, where ζ representsthe non-dimensional stability parameter. In stable conditions, a non-linear functionG xy (ζ) = 1 + b xy ζ c xy (c xy < 1) was found to benecessary to collapse cospectra in the inertial subrange. The empirical cospectralmodels of Kaimal et al. were modified to fit the somewhat more (neutraland unstable) or less (stable) sharply peaked scalar cospectra observed over forestsusing the appropriate cospectral constants and non-linear stability functions. Theempirical coefficients in the stability functions and in the cospectral models varywith measurement height and seasonal changes in VAI. The seasonal differencesare generally larger at the Morgan Monroe State Forest site (greater peak VAI) andcloser to the canopy.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42506/1/10546_2004_Article_5127238.pd

Late Winter Biogeochemical Conditions Under Sea Ice in the Canadian High Arctic

With the Arctic summer sea-ice extent in decline, questions are arising as to how changes in sea-ice dynamics might affect biogeochemical cycling and phenomena such as carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake and ocean acidification. Recent field research in these areas has concentrated on biogeochemical and CO2 measurements during spring, summer or autumn, but there are few data for the winter or winter–spring transition, particularly in the High Arctic. Here, we present carbon and nutrient data within and under sea ice measured during the Catlin Arctic Survey, over 40 days in March and April 2010, off Ellef Ringnes Island (78° 43.11′ N, 104° 47.44′ W) in the Canadian High Arctic. Results show relatively low surface water (1–10 m) nitrate (<1.3 µM) and total inorganic carbon concentrations (mean±SD=2015±5.83 µmol kg−1), total alkalinity (mean±SD=2134±11.09 µmol kg−1) and under-ice pCO2sw (mean±SD=286±17 µatm). These surprisingly low wintertime carbon and nutrient conditions suggest that the outer Canadian Arctic Archipelago region is nitrate-limited on account of sluggish mixing among the multi-year ice regions of the High Arctic, which could temper the potential of widespread under-ice and open-water phytoplankton blooms later in the season