Analysis of the comprehensive nursing final exam in Shahroud Faculty of Medical Sciences

هر آزمونی به عنوان ابزار سنجش و اندازه گیری می باید دارای روایی و پایایی کافی برای سنجش صفت موردنظر باشد. با استفاده از آزمون های ریاضی و آمار می توان آزمون ها را تحلیل نمود و صحت عمل آنها را سنجید. هدف از انجام این تحقیق تحلیل سوالات جامع آزمون نهایی پرستاری به عنوان اصلی ترین روش ارزشیابی تکوینی در دانشکده علوم پزشکی شاهرود می باشد. در این پژوهش هریک از 360 سوال مجموع سوال های آزمون جامع نهایی از نظر ضریب دشواری، ضریب تمیز، روایی، پایایی، وجود گزینه های انحرافی و غیره مورد ارزیابی و تحلیل قرار گرفتند تا نقاط ضعف و قوت هر سوال و کل آزمون تعیین گردد. نتایج کسب شده در خصوص میزان دشواری هر سوال در هریک از خرده آزمون ها نشان داد که دروس بهداشت جامعه و بهداشت مادران و نوزادان بترتیب با 42 و 40 سوال با ضریب دشواری بسیار بالا (71-1) دارای بیشترین سوال آسان در مجموعه آزمون ها بود. درحالی که در درس داخلی جراحی 2 با 18 سوال با ضریب دشواری بسیار بالا، کمترین سوالات آسان را دارا بود. عمده ترین مشکل طراحی سوال در آزمون جامع نهایی پرستاری در دانشکده علوم پزشکی شاهرود طراحی سوالات با ضریب سهولت بالا (دشواری اندک) و دارای گزینه های فاقد کارآیی برای متمایز ساختن دانشجویان قوی از ضعیف می باشد علاوه بر این استفاده از آزمون های مناسب برای تحلیل سوالات آزمون اجتناب ناپذیر است. پژوهشگران استفاده از روش دونیمه کردن را به جای روش کودر-ریچاردسون 20 توصیه می نمایند

Functional expression and impact of testis-specific gene antigen 10 in breast cancer: a combined in vitro and in silico analysis

Introduction: Testis-specific gene antigen 10 (TSGA10) is a less-known gene, which is involved in the vague biological paths of different cancers. Here, we investigated the TSGA10 expression using different concentrations of glucose under hypoxia and also its interaction with the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Methods: The breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were cultured with different concentrations of glucose (5.5, 11.0 and 25.0 mM) under normoxia/hypoxia for 24, 48, and 72 hours and examined for the HIF-1α expression and cell migration by Western blotting and scratch assays. The qPCR was employed to analyze the expression of TSGA10. Three-dimensional (3D) structure and the energy minimization of the interacting domain of TSGA10 were performed by MODELLER v9.17 and Swiss-PDB viewer v4.1.0/UCSF Chimera v1.11. The UCSF Chimera v1.13.1 and Hex 6.0 were used for the molecular docking simulation. The Cytoscape v3.7.1 and STRING v11.0 were used for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The HIF-1a related hypoxia pathways were obtained from BioModels database and reconstructed in CellDesigner v4.4.2. Results: The increased expression of TSGA10 was found to be significantly associated with the reduced metastasis in the MDA-MB-231 cells, while an inverse relationship was seen between the TSGA10 mRNA level and cellular migration but not in the MCF-7 cells. The C-terminal domain of TSGA10 interacted with HIF-1α with high affinity, resulting in PPI network with 10 key nodes (HIF-1α, VEGFA, HSP90AA1, AKT1, ARNT, TP53, TSGA10, VHL, JUN, and EGFR). Conclusions: Collectively, TSGA10 functional expression alters under the hyper-/hypo-glycemia and hypoxia, which indicates its importance as a candidate bio-target for the cancer therapy

Molecular machineries of pH dysregulation in tumor microenvironment: potential targets for cancer therapy

Introduction: Cancer is an intricate disorder/dysfunction of cells that can be defined as a genetic heterogeneity in human disease. Therefore, it is characterized by several adaptive complex hallmarks. Among them, the pH dysregulation appears as a symbol of aberrant functions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). In comparison with normal tissues, in the solid tumors, we face with an irregular acidification and alkalinization of the extracellular and intracellular fluids. Methods: In this study, we comprehensively discussed the most recent reports on the hallmarks of solid tumors to provide deep insights upon the molecular machineries involved in the pH dysregulation of solid tumors and their impacts on the initiation and progression of cancer. Results: The dysregulation of pH in solid tumors is fundamentally related to the Warburg effect and hypoxia, leading to expression of a number of molecular machineries, including: NHE1, H+ pump V-ATPase, CA-9, CA-12, MCT-1, GLUT-1. Activation of proton exchangers and transporters (PETs) gives rise to formation of TME. This condition favors the cancer cells to evade from the anoikis and apoptosis, granting them aggressive and metastasis phenotype, as well as resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This review aimed to discuss the key molecular changes of tumor cells in terms of bio-energetics and cancer metabolism in relation with pH dysregulation. During this phenomenon, the intra- and extracellular metabolites are altered and/or disrupted. Such molecular alterations provide molecular hallmarks for direct targeting of the PETs by potent relevant inhibitors in combination with conventional cancer therapies as ultimate therapy against solid tumors. Conclusion: Taken all, along with other treatment strategies, targeting the key molecular machineries related to intra- and extracellular metabolisms within the TME is proposed as a novel strategy to inhibit or block PETs that are involved in the pH dysregulation of solid tumors