Raw data of M. desjardinsi samples collected in Matsudo

Raw data of M. desjardinsi samples collected in Matsud

Mitochondrial haplotypes and Spiroplasma infection status of females collected in 2011 and 2016 from Rapid comeback of males: evolution of male-killer suppression in a green lacewing population

Evolutionary theory predicts that the spread of cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters leads to the evolution of host nuclear suppressors, although there are extremely few empirical observations of this phenomenon. Here, we demonstrate that a nuclear suppressor of a cytoplasmic male killer has spread rapidly in a population of the green lacewing <i>Mallada desjardinsi</i>. An <i>M. desjardinsi</i> population, which was strongly female-biased in 2011 because of a high prevalence of the male-killing <i>Spiroplasma</i> endosymbiont, had a sex ratio near parity in 2016, despite a consistent <i>Spiroplasma</i> prevalence. Most of the offspring derived from individuals collected in 2016 had 1 : 1 sex ratios in subsequent generations. Contrastingly, all-female or female-biased broods appeared frequently from crossings of these female offspring with males derived from a laboratory line founded by individuals collected in 2011. These results suggest near-fixation of a nuclear suppressor against male killing in 2016 and reject the notion that a non-male-killing <i>Spiroplasma</i> variant has spread in the population. Consistently, no significant difference was detected in mitochondrial haplotype variation between 2011 and 2016. These findings, and earlier findings in the butterfly <i>Hypolimnas bolina</i> in Samoa, suggest that these quick events of male recovery occur more commonly than is generally appreciated

Infection status of females collected in 2011 and 2016, and sex ratios of their offspring from Rapid comeback of males: evolution of male-killer suppression in a green lacewing population

Evolutionary theory predicts that the spread of cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters leads to the evolution of host nuclear suppressors, although there are extremely few empirical observations of this phenomenon. Here, we demonstrate that a nuclear suppressor of a cytoplasmic male killer has spread rapidly in a population of the green lacewing <i>Mallada desjardinsi</i>. An <i>M. desjardinsi</i> population, which was strongly female-biased in 2011 because of a high prevalence of the male-killing <i>Spiroplasma</i> endosymbiont, had a sex ratio near parity in 2016, despite a consistent <i>Spiroplasma</i> prevalence. Most of the offspring derived from individuals collected in 2016 had 1 : 1 sex ratios in subsequent generations. Contrastingly, all-female or female-biased broods appeared frequently from crossings of these female offspring with males derived from a laboratory line founded by individuals collected in 2011. These results suggest near-fixation of a nuclear suppressor against male killing in 2016 and reject the notion that a non-male-killing <i>Spiroplasma</i> variant has spread in the population. Consistently, no significant difference was detected in mitochondrial haplotype variation between 2011 and 2016. These findings, and earlier findings in the butterfly <i>Hypolimnas bolina</i> in Samoa, suggest that these quick events of male recovery occur more commonly than is generally appreciated

Sex ratios of offspring produced by Spiroplasma-infected 2016 females crossed with 2011 males (outbred) or 2016 males (inbred) from Rapid comeback of males: evolution of male-killer suppression in a green lacewing population

Evolutionary theory predicts that the spread of cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters leads to the evolution of host nuclear suppressors, although there are extremely few empirical observations of this phenomenon. Here, we demonstrate that a nuclear suppressor of a cytoplasmic male killer has spread rapidly in a population of the green lacewing <i>Mallada desjardinsi</i>. An <i>M. desjardinsi</i> population, which was strongly female-biased in 2011 because of a high prevalence of the male-killing <i>Spiroplasma</i> endosymbiont, had a sex ratio near parity in 2016, despite a consistent <i>Spiroplasma</i> prevalence. Most of the offspring derived from individuals collected in 2016 had 1 : 1 sex ratios in subsequent generations. Contrastingly, all-female or female-biased broods appeared frequently from crossings of these female offspring with males derived from a laboratory line founded by individuals collected in 2011. These results suggest near-fixation of a nuclear suppressor against male killing in 2016 and reject the notion that a non-male-killing <i>Spiroplasma</i> variant has spread in the population. Consistently, no significant difference was detected in mitochondrial haplotype variation between 2011 and 2016. These findings, and earlier findings in the butterfly <i>Hypolimnas bolina</i> in Samoa, suggest that these quick events of male recovery occur more commonly than is generally appreciated

Transmission electron micrographs of <i>Spiroplasma</i> and <i>Rickettsia</i> in the female reproductive tissues of <i>M</i>. <i>desjardinsi</i>.

<p><b>a</b>: Ovaries of a female <i>M</i>. <i>desjardinsi</i>. A circle represents a portion subjected to electron microscopy. <b>b</b>: Undifferentiated part of an ovariole, with <i>Rickettsia</i>-like structure in the follicle cells and <i>Spiroplasma</i>-like structure in the oocyte. <b>c</b>,<b>d, e</b>: Magnified images of (b), showing <i>Spiroplasma</i>-like structure. <b>f</b>: Differentiating part of an ovariole, with <i>Rickettsia</i>-like structure in the oocyte and <i>Spiroplasma</i>-like structure in the sheath. S: <i>Spiroplasma</i>; R: <i>Rickettsia</i>; oc: oocyte; fc: follicle cell; sh: sheath; n: nucleus.</p

Circulating miRNA expression in plasma extracellular vesicles of grain-fed and grazing Japanese Black cattle analyzed by qRT-PCR.

<p>** and * indicate the differences between the feeding conditions at <i>P</i> < 0.01 and < 0.05, respectively.</p

Circulating miRNA (c-miRNA) profiles in plasma extracellular vesicles of Japanese Black cattle obtained in microarray analysis.

<p>Percentages of c-miRNA contents in grain-fed (red bars) and grazing cattle (green bars) are indicated. The top 20 miRNAs in plasma of grazing cattle are listed.</p

Infection status of wild-caught <i>M</i>. <i>desjardinsi</i> females and the sex ratio of their offspring.

<p>Infection status of wild-caught <i>M</i>. <i>desjardinsi</i> females and the sex ratio of their offspring.</p

qPCR-estimates of endosymbiont population densities in mothers that are categorized by their offspring sex ratio.

<p>(a) <i>Spiroplasma</i> density in mothers (i.e., Relative values of <i>Spiroplasma spoT</i> gene copies per mitochondrial COII gene copy). (b) <i>Rickettsia</i> density in mothers (i.e., Relative values of <i>Rickettsia gltA</i> gene copies per mitochondrial COII gene copy).</p

Top 20 c-miRNAs considered as significantly different between feeding conditions of JB cattle.

<p>Top 20 c-miRNAs considered as significantly different between feeding conditions of JB cattle.</p