Caracterización socio productiva y ambiental en la Comunidad de San Joaquín, Municipio El Tuma La Dalia II semestre 2015

El estudio caracterización socio productivo y ambiental en la comunidad San Joaquín Municipio El Tuma – La Dalia Matagalpa 2015 – 2016 se tomó en cuenta los siguientes objetivos. Analizar las características sociales, productivas y ambientales de la comunidad San Joaquín. La población sujeta de estudio fue 65 productores, la técnica de investigación una encuesta. Para el procesamiento de los datos se realizó una base datos en el programa spss versión 5, determinando porcentaje y frecuencia de los indicadores y para los gráficos el programa Excel, Se determinaron los siguientes resultados: Entre los productores encuestados el sexo que sobresale es el masculino, la edad más avanzada es de 79 años, el 79% tiene un nivel académico de primaria, su situación financiera es regular, cuentan con escuela de primaria y no existe ningún centro de salud. La principal actividad agrícola es la producción de granos básico (Arroz, maíz, frijol) con un rendimiento de 96,900 kg maíz, 88,000 kg frijol y 7,400 kg arroz, en cuanto a lo pecuario la producción de aves de patio con 655 y las dificultades encontradas son los bajos recursos económicos y los altos costos de insumos.La contaminación de las fuentes de agua se da por el uso de agroquímicos, no se le da manejo adecuado a las aguas mieles y la mayoría de los productores no practican ninguna obra de conservación de suelo en sus unidades productivas. Palabras claves: socio, productivo, ambiental, productores, comunida

Coral reef fish community composition at study sites in the Cayos Cochinos Marine Protected area (CCMPA, white bars) and Utila (gray bars).

<p>Data presented represent the total proportion of fish abundance (means ± 1 SE) at the family level.</p

External anatomy and habitus of <i>Edwardsiella andrillae</i> n. sp.

<p>A. Close up of specimens <i>in </i><i>situ</i>. Image captured by SCINI. B. “Field” of <i>Edwardsiella andrillae</i> n. sp. in situ. Image captured by SCINI. Red dots are 10 cm apart.</p

Internal anatomy and histology of <i>Edwardsiella andrillae</i> n. sp.

<div><p>All scale bars =100µm unless otherwise noted. A. Cross section through actinopharynx showing mesenteries and siphonoglyph. Scale = 500µm. B. Cross section through tentacle showing relatively strong ectodermal musculature and abundant spirocysts. C. Longitudinal section through oral disc showing relatively weak ectodermal musculature. Scale bar =20 µm. D. Gametogenic region of mesentery of female specimen. E. Cross section through distal column showing microcnemes. F. Close-up view of actinopharynx, showing histological differentiation of siphonoglyph. G. Trophonema of mature oocyte. Scale bar =30 µm. H. Retractor and parietal muscle of macrocnemic mesentery. I. Retractor muscle of Macrocneme. J. Musculature of base of tentacle. K. Junction between aboral end and mesentery. Note absence of basilar muscles. Scale bar =25 µm. L. Longitudinal section through distal column showing transition between tentacle and capitulum. M. Longitudinal section through scapus. Scale bar =30 µm. N. Longitudinal section through aboral end. </p> <p>Abbreviations: Apx, actinopharynx; Cap; capituluar ectoderm; DD, dorsal directive mesentery; DL, dorsolateral mesentery; G, gastrodermal side of body wall; P; junction of mesentery and retractor muscle; S, siphonoglyph; T, tentacle; VD, ventrolateral directive mesentery; VL, ventrolateral mesentery.</p></div

Cnidae of <i>Edwardsiella andrillae</i> n. sp.

<p>Scale at bottom, in µm, applies to all images. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0083476#pone-0083476-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for size ranges for each capsule type in each tissue. A. Basitrich. B. Spirocyst. C. Spirocyst. Although this capsule is smaller and has a thinner tubule than the spirocyst in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0083476#pone-0083476-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4A</a>, spirocysts show continuous variation in capsule size and robustness. D. Small basitrich. E. Basitrich. F. Small microbasic mastigophore. The small size of these cnidae precludes distinguishing them as <i>b</i>- or <i>p</i>- mastigophores. G. Spirocyst. H. Basitrich. I. Microbasic <i>p</i>-mastigophore. J. Small basitrich. K. Basitrich. L. Microbasic <i>p</i>-mastigophores.</p

Known localities of <i>Edwardsiella andrillae</i>, n. sp.

<p>The site labeled A is at 77° 31.6’ S 171° 20.1’ E ; this corresponds to “Site 3” for the 2010-2011 SCINI dive series. The site labeled B is at 77° 28.03’ S 171° 36.28’ E ; this corresponds to “Site 4 (CH-1)” for the for the 2010-2011 SCINI dive series (Rack et al., 2012).</p

Video S2 from Comparative behavioural observations demonstrate the ‘cleaner’ shrimp <i>Periclimenes yucatanicus</i> engages in true symbiotic cleaning interactions

Example video of a <i>Periclimenes yucatanicus</i> cleaning interaction in Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Here <i>P. yucatanicus</i> can be seen cleaning a Blue Tang (<i>Acanthurus coeruleus</i>). Multiple flinches by the client indicates cheating by <i>P. yucatanicus</i>, and is met by no aggressive or retaliatory response by <i>A. coeruleus</i>

Do Reef Fish Habituate to Diver Presence? Evidence from Two Reef Sites with Contrasting Historical Levels of SCUBA Intensity in the Bay Islands, Honduras

<div><p>Contact between humans and the marine environment is increasing, but the capacity of communities to adapt to human presence remains largely unknown. The popularization of SCUBA diving has added a new dimension to human impacts in aquatic systems and, although individual-level impacts have been identified, cumulative effects on ecosystem function and community-wide responses are unclear. In principle, habituation may mitigate the consequences of human presence on the biology of an individual and allow the quick resumption of its ecological roles, but this has not been documented in aquatic systems. Here, we investigate the short-term impact of human presence and the long-term habituation potential of reef-fish communities to recreational SCUBA divers by studying symbiotic cleaning interactions on coral reefs with differing levels of historical contact with divers. We show that incidences of human contact result in a smaller decline in ecosystem function and more rapid resumption of baseline services on a reef in Utila, Honduras that has heavy historical levels of SCUBA diver presence, compared to an un-dived reef site in the Cayos Cochinos Marine Protected Area (CCMPA). Nonetheless, despite the generally smaller change in ecosystem function and decades of regular contact with divers, cleaning behavior is suppressed by >50% at Utila when divers are present. We hypothesize that community-wide habituation of reef fish is not fully achievable and may be biologically restricted to only partial habituation. Differential responses to human presence impacts the interpretation and execution of behavioral research where SCUBA is the predominant means of data collection, and provides an important rationale for future research investigating the interplay between human presence, ecosystem function, and community structure on coral reefs.</p></div

Mean length of time (min) from camera deployment to first successfully completed cleaning interaction at Cayos Cochinos Marine Protected Area (CCMPA, un-dived reef), and Utila (heavily dived reef) with passive ambient SCUBA diver presence and SCUBA diver absence.

<p>Ambient diver presence is here defined as SCUBA divers in the water during video observations, at least 10m distant from the observed anemone station, with bubbles are audible on video footage.</p

Variation in fish client diversity (family) observed during cleaning interactions.

<p>A) direct diver observatons and B) video observations at Cayos Cochinos Marine Protected area (CCMPA, white bars) and Utila (gray bars).</p