School-Time Movement Behaviors and Fundamental Movement Skills in Preschoolers:An Isotemporal Reallocation Analysis

Little is known of how reallocations of time spent in different movement behaviors during preschool might relate to preschoolers’ fundamental movement skills (FMS), a key predictor of later physical activity (PA). Thus, the aim of this study was to examine (a) whether preschoolers’ school-time movement was associated with their FMS and (b) the effects on FMS of reallocating time between PA and sedentary behavior (SB). This was a cross-sectional study, using intervention data with Brazilian low-income preschoolers. We observed Brazilian preschoolers of both sexes (Mage¼ 4.5, SD¼ 0.8 years-old; 101boys) over 10 hours of school-time and objectively assessed their PA and SB with Actigraph wGT3X and their FMS with the Test of Gross Motor Development – Second Edition. We explored the associations between schooltime movement behaviors and FMS and between reallocated school-time movement behaviors and FES using compositional analysis in R (version 1.40-1), robCompositions (version 0.92-7), and lmtest (version 0.9-35) packages. This isotemporal reallocation showed that, for manipulative skills, reallocating time (5, 10, and 15 minutes, respectively) from light PA to SB was associated with increasing skill (0.14, 0.28, and 0.42 FMS units), raising questions as to whether fine motor activity occurred during SB. Thus, school-time movement significantly predicted FMS, with a modest increase in SB, at the expense of light PA eliciting improved manipulative skills

Sleep as a Priority:24-Hour Movement Guidelines and Mental Health of Chinese College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Research on the combined role of 24-hour movement behaviors (sleep, sedentary behavior [SB], and physical activity) in adult mental health, though important, is in its infancy. In the context of Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines integrating quantitative recommendations for sleep, SB, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), this study aimed to examine the associations between meeting guidelines and mental health among college students. The study used a cross-sectional sample of 1846 Chinese college students surveyed online in August 2020. Through network analysis and multivariate analysis of covariance, the individual and combined associations between meeting 24-hour movement guidelines and the levels of depression and anxiety after adjusting sociodemographic factors were analyzed. Results indicated that meeting the sleep guideline had stronger associations with depression and anxiety than meeting the SB or MVPA guideline. Specifically, compared to meeting no guidelines, meeting the sleep guideline (alone or in combination with other guidelines) was associated with significantly lower levels of depression and anxiety; meeting both SB and MVPA guidelines was also associated with a significantly lower level of depression. Hence, meeting more guidelines, especially adhering to a healthy sleep routine, may play an important role in promoting the mental health of young adults

Child’s body mass index and mother’s obesity: the moderating role of physical fitness

The aim of this study was to verify the association between children’s body mass index and their mother’s obesity, considering children’s physical fitness as a possible moderator. Cross-sectional study developed with 1842 children and adolescents, aged seven to 17 years, from Santa Cruz do Sul-RS, Brazil. Body weight and height were assessed to determine body mass index. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by the 6-min walk/run test and muscular strength through the lower limb strength test. Mother’s perception of obesity was self-assessed. Moderation was tested through a SPSS program extension. Results indicated that higher children’s body mass index (p < 0.001) and lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.001) and muscular strength (p = 0.035) were associated with mother’s obesity. Likewise, higher body mass index (p < 0.001) and lower cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001) in adolescents were associated with maternal obesity. Moreover, physical fitness moderates the relationship between body mass index and mother’s obesity in children (cardiorespiratory fitness: β = − 0.006; 95% CI = (− 0.010, − 0.001); muscular strength: β = − 8.415; 95% CI = (− 12.526, − 4.304)) and in adolescents (cardiorespiratory fitness: β = − 0.004; 95% CI = (− 0.008, − 0.0008); muscular strength: β − 2.958; 95% CI = (− 5.615, − 0.030)). Conclusion: increasing physical fitness is an important strategy to protect youths from high body mass index, when their mothers are obese

24- hour movement behaviors and fitness in preschoolers: acompositional and isotemporal reallocation analysis

This study analyzed the associations between the 24-hour movement behaviors composition and fitness in preschoolers and investigated predicted changes in fitness when time in active behaviors is reallocated. This cross-sectional study was carried out with 270 preschoolers (132 boys; 3.97 ± 0.80 years-old). Light and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (LPA and MVPA), and sedentary behavior (SB) were verified using an accelerometer. Sleep time was obtained through interviews with parents. Components of physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness—CRF, speed-agility, and lower-body muscular strength) were assessed using the PREFIT Battery. To verify the association between 24-hour movement behaviors and physical fitness, the compositional analysis was used, and for the time reallocation, the compositional isotemporal substitution analysis was used for active behaviors (LPA and MVPA). The daily composition, adjusted for body mass index, sex, and age, was significantly associated with CRF (P = .007; r2 = 0.29), speed-agility (P < .001; r2 = 0.14), and lower-body muscular strength (P = .01; r2 = 0.07). For CRF, the addition of MVPA, at the expense of any other behavior, was associated with significant improvements. For speed-agility and lower-body muscular strength, only reallocations between sleep and LPA yielded significant associations. The variation in CRF, speed-agility, and lower-body muscular strength was associated with the 24 hours movement composition, and reallocating 5, 10 or 15 minutes of SB or sleep for MVPA was significantly positive for CRF (P < .05). The present findings highlight the relevance of decreasing SB and increasing physical activity practice, particularly at high intensities, to promote a better CRF profile for preschoolers

Effects and prevalence of responders after a multicomponent intervention on cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity: action for health study

This study aimed to verify the effect of a multicomponent intervention on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF), and to determine the prevalence of responders on CMRF among children and adolescents with overweight/ obesity. This is a quasi-experimental study, developed with 35 children and adolescents with overweight/ obesity (control group (CG) = 18; intervention group (IG) = 17), aged between 7 and 13 years. Participants in IG underwent a multicomponent intervention for 12 weeks. The following variables were evaluated: anthropometric measures, maturational stages and CMRF (body fatness, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, high-density and low-density lipoprotein) (HDL-C, LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and AST/ALT ratio. Mixed analysis of variance and the prevalence of responders were used for statistical analysis. There was a significant time x group interaction on body fatness (p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (p = 0.01), HDL-C (p < 0.001), LDL-C (p = 0.009) and TC (p < 0.001). The prevalence of responders for CMRF in IG and CG was respectively: body fatness (47%; 0%; p = 0.04), HOMA-IR (58.8%; 16.6%; p = 0.04); triglycerides (17.6%; 5.5%; p = 0.31); HDL-C (76.4%; 5.5%; p = 0.01), LDL-C (35.3%; 5%; p = 0.08), TC (64.7%; 5%; p = 0.01), AST (5.8%; 0%; p = 0.87), ALT (29.4%; 11.1%; p = 0.24) and AST/ALT ratio (24.4%; 22.2%; p = 0.67). Multicomponent intervention induced positive changes on CMRF along with a higher prevalence of positive adaptations in IG than the CG in some of the cardiometabolic outcomes assessed

Multicomponent intervention efect on cardiometabolic risk factors among overweight/obese Brazilian children: a mediation analysis

Purpose To verify whether percentage of body fat, physical ftness, physical activity and calorie intake mediates the multicomponent intervention efect on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese children, and present the relative contribution of each mediator. Methods This is an intervention study, developed with 35 overweight/obese school-aged children (control group=17 and intervention group=18), aged between 7 and 13 years (9.05±1.90). A 12-week multicomponent intervention was performed, consisting of physical exercise, nutritional education sessions and parental support. The following variables were evaluated at baseline and post-intervention: anthropometric measures and percentage of body fat, physical ftness, physical activity assessed by accelerometer, total calorie intake and biochemical assays. For statistical analysis, generalized linear models were used. Results The intervention efect on glucose was mediated by percentage of body fat (24%), muscular ftness (22%) and total calorie intake (40%). The same was observed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), with a mediation proportion of 26, 31 and 35%, respectively, as well as for HDL-C (percentage of body fat −30%, muscular ftness −30% and total calorie intake −33%); while vigorous physical activity mediated the intervention efect on glucose (40%), HDL-C (39%) LDL-C (43%) and total cholesterol (37%). Conclusion Interventions strategies should focus on reducing percentage of body fat and calorie intake, and enhancing muscular ftness and vigorous physical activity to achieve efective changes on cardiometabolic risk factors

Sueño y salud mental infantil: papel de la actividad física y aptitud cardiorrespiratoria

Introduction: Sleep is considered an important health indicator and plays a key role in brain development and plasticity. Objective: To ascertain whether there is a relationship between sleep quality and mental health indicators and whether organized physical activity (PA) or cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) act as moderators of this association. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 226 students between six and 11 years of age, male and female, in the early years of elementary education at a public school in Porto Alegre, Brazil, which was selected for convenience. CRF was measured by running test and six-minute walk. Sleep quality and organized physical activity outside of school were verified through an anamnesis, socioeconomic status through an adaptation of the ABEP (Brazilian Association of Research Companies) questionnaire, and mental health indicators with the assistance of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, all answered by parents. Frequencies, means, standard deviations and generalized linear models were used for the data analysis, while a 95% confidence interval was used for the analyses. Results: Sleep quality was associated with total difficulties (β=7.659, p<0.001), emotional symptoms (β= 1.754; p=0.001), hyperactivity/inattentiveness (β=3.054, p <0.001), conduct problems (β=1.619, p<0.001) and peer relationship problems (β=1.231; p=0.007) in boys. In girls it was related to total difficulties (β=3.421; p=0.006), and conduct problems (β=1.235; p=0.003). However, the interactions were not significant. Conclusion: Although they occur independently, stress is placed on the importance of sleeping well, engaging in organized PA and having good CRF levels for the improvement and maintenance of mental health.O sono é considerado um importante indicador da saúde e tem papel fundamental no desenvolvimento e na plasticidade cerebral. Verificar se há relação entre a qualidade do sono e os indicadores de saúde mental e se a atividade física (AF) organizada ou aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) atuam como moderadores dessa associação. Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi composta por 226 alunos entre seis a 11 anos de idade do sexo feminino e masculino, estudantes dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública de Porto Alegre - Brasil, sendo a mesma selecionada por critério de conveniência. A APCR foi mensurada através do teste de corrida e da caminhada de seis minutos. A qualidade do sono e a AF organizada fora da escola foram verificadas através de uma anamnese, o nível socioeconômico através de uma adaptação do questionário da ABEP (Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa) e os indicadores da saúde mental com o auxílio do Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, todos respondidos pelos pais. Para a análise de dados, utilizaram-se frequências, médias e desvios padrão e modelos lineares generalizados. Para as análises, utilizou-se um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: A qualidade do sono apresentou associação com o total de dificuldades (β=7,659; p<0,001), sintomas emocionais (β=1,754; p=0,001), hiperatividade/déficit de atenção (β=3,054; p<0,001), problemas de conduta (β=1,619; p<0,001) e problemas de relacionamento com colegas (β=1,231; p=0,007), nos meninos. Já nas meninas, apresentou relação com o total de dificuldades (β=3,421; p=0,006) e problemas de conduta (β=1,235; p=0,003). No entanto, as interações não foram significativas. Conclusão: Apesar de ocorrerem por vias independentes, destaca-se a importância de dormir bem, praticar AF organizada e ter bons níveis de APCR para a melhora e manutenção da saúde mental.Introducción: El sueño es considerado un indicador importante de la salud y juega un papel fundamental en el desarrollo y la plasticidad cerebral. Objetivo: Verificar si hay relación entre la calidad del sueño y los indicadores de salud mental y si la actividad física (AF) organizada o aptitud cardiorrespiratoria (APCR) actúan como moderadores de esa asociación. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio de corte transversal, con abordaje cuantitativo. La muestra fue compuesta por 226 alumnos entre seis a 11 años de edad del sexo femenino y masculino, estudiantes de los años iniciales de la enseñanza fundamental de una escuela pública de Porto Alegre - Brasil, siendo la misma seleccionada por criterio de conveniencia. La APCR se midió a través del test de carrera y de caminata de seis minutos. La calidad del sueño y la AF organizada fuera de la escuela fueron verificadas a través de una anamnesis, el nivel socioeconómico a través de una adaptación del cuestionario de la ABEP (sigla para Asociación Brasileña de Empresas de Encuestas), y los indicadores de salud mental con la ayuda de Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, todos respondidos por los padres. Para el análisis de datos, se utilizaron frecuencias, promedios y desviaciones estándar y modelos lineales generalizados. Para los análisis, se utilizó un intervalo de confianza de 95%. Resultados: La calidad del sueño presentó asociación con el total de dificultades (β = 7,659, p <0,001), síntomas emocionales (β = 1,754; p = 0,001), hiperactividad/déficit de atención (β = 3,054; p<0,001) problemas de conducta (β=1,619, p<0,001), y problemas de relacionamiento con colegas (β = 1,231; p = 0,007) en los niños. En las niñas, presentó relación con el total de dificultades (β = 3,421; p = 0,006) y problemas de conducta (β = 1,235; p = 0,003). Sin embargo, las interacciones no fueron significativas. Conclusión: A pesar de ocurrir por vías independientes, se destaca la importancia de dormir bien, practicar AF organizada y tener buenos niveles de APCR para la mejora y mantenimiento de la salud mental