Payments for Environmental Services in Watersheds: Insights From a Comparative Study of three Cases in Central America

We have compared three cases of payments for water-related environmental services (PES) in Central America, in terms of socioeconomic background, opportunity costs of forest conservation and stakeholders’ perceptions on the conditions of water resources and other issues. We found that, in general, the foregone benefits from land uses alternative to forest cover are larger than the amount paid, which apparently contradicts the economic foundation of PES schemes. A number of possible explanations are explored. The results also suggest that trade-offs between different environmental and social goals are likely to emerge in PES schemes, posing some doubts on their ability to be multipurpose instruments for environmental improvement and rural development. We also found that PES schemes may work as a conflictresolution instrument, facilitating downstream -upstream problem solving, though at the same time they might introduce changes in social perceptions of property rights.environmental services, watershed management, rural development, property rights, Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua.

El metabolismo social y los conflictos socio-ambientales en la India

This paper explains the methods for counting the energy and material flows in the economy, and gives the main results of the Material Flows for the economy of India between 1961 and 2008 as researched by Simron Singh et al (2012). Drawing on work done in the EJOLT project, some illustrations are given of the links between the changing social metabolism and ecological distribution conflicts, looking at responses in Odisha to bauxite mining, at conflicts on sand mining, at disputes on waste management options in Delhi and at ship dismantling in Alang, Gujarat. The aim is to show how a history of social metabolism, of socio-environmental conflicts, and of the changing valuation languages deployed by various social actors in such conflicts, could be written in a common framework.Este artículo explica los métodos seguidos para calcular los flujos de energía y de materiales en cualquier economía, y da los resultados (de Singh y otros, 2012) de los cálculos de Flujos de Materiales en la India desde 1961 hasta 2008. Incorporando investigaciones realizadas en el proyecto EJOLT, mostramos la conexión entre el cambiante metabolismo social y los conflictos de distribución ecológica, con las protestas en Odisha sobre la minería de bauxita, los conflictos sobre la “minería” de arena en varios lugares de la India, los debates sobre la gestión de la basura en Delhi, y el desguace de barcos en Alang, Gujarat. Nuestro objetivo es combinar en un solo marco la historia del metabolismo social y la historia de los conflictos socio-ambientales y los distintos lenguajes de valoración usados por los actores sociales de tales conflictos

Cor como símbolo de classificação social

O ponto básico que desejo focalizar aqui é o de que preconceito racial e discriminação são fatos determinados não física, mas social-mente. Peculiaridades físicas são, em si mesmas, neutras. Não im-plicam, como tais, em desigualdade . Isto é verdade tanto para dife-renças raciais como sexuais

Los conflictos ecológico-distributivos y los indicadores de sustentabilidad

El autor estudia el metabolismo socio-económico, en términos de flujos de materiales y energía y de la producción de residuos, y clasifica y estudia los conflictos ambientales correspondientes. Presenta una tipología de conflictos acerca del uso de recursos naturales y de la contaminación. Llamamos Ecología Política al estudio de esos conflictos ecológico-distributivos. Los actores de tales conflictos usan diversos lenguajes de valoración. Por ejemplo, pueden argumentar que quieren lograr una compensación monetaria equivalente a los daños ambientales sufridos pero también pueden decir que el territorio en cuestión es sagrado o pueden apelar a la defensa de los derechos humanos o de los derechos colectivos indígenas, o pueden insistir en valores ecológicos que no pueden ser realmente expresados en dinero. La Economía Ecológica estudia las relaciones entre el crecimiento económico y el medio natural. Desde el punto de vista de la sustentabilidad «fuerte», eso requiere usar indicadores físicos como la HANPP o la Contabilidad de Flujos de Materiales. Este artículo tiene la intención de mostrar que los conflictos ecológico-distributivos pueden ser explicados e incluso previstos por esos indicadores físicos de (in)sustentabilidad.L’auteur étudie le métabolisme socio-économique, en termes de flux matériels et d’énergie et de production de déchets, classant et étudiant les conflits environnementaux correspondants. Il présente une typologie de conflits relative à l’usage de ressources naturelles et pollution. Par Ecologie Politique nous entendons l’étude de ces conflits écologico-distributifs. Les acteurs de ces conflits utilisent différents langages de mise en valeur. Par exemple, ils peuvent argumenter qu’ils veulent obtenir une compensation monétaire équivalente aux dommages environnementaux soufferts mais ils peuvent aussi affirmer que le territoire en question est sacré ou appeler à la défense des droits de l’homme ou des droits collectifs indiens, ou insister sur les valeurs écologiques qui ne peuvent réellement être exprimées en argent. L’Economie Ecologique étudie les relations entre la croissance économique et l’environnement naturel. Partant du point de vue de la durabilité « forte » exigeant l’usage d’indicateurs physiques comme la HANPP ou Comptabilité de Flux de Matériels. Cet article cherche à démontrer que les conflits écologico-distributifs peuvent s’expliquer et même être anticipés à travers ces indicateurs physiques de (non)durabilité.The author studies the social and economic metabolism, in terms of materials and energy flows and of the production of residues, and classifies and studies the corresponding environmental conflicts. He then presents a typology of conflicts on the use of natural resources and on contamination. We call Political Ecology the study of those ecological-distributive conflicts. The actors of such conflicts use diverse languages of appraisal. For example, they can argue that they want to achieve an equivalent monetary compensation to the environmental damages suffered, but also they can say that the territory in question is sacred or they can appeal to the defense of the human rights or of native collective rights, or they can insist on ecological values that cannot be really aforesaid in money. The Ecological Economy studies the relations between economic growth and the environment. From the point of view of «strong» sustainability, that requires the use of physical indicators such as the HANPP or the Materials Flows Accounting. This article intends to show that the ecological-distributive conflicts can be explained and even predicted by those physical indicators of (in)sustainability

Energieberechnung und der Begriff der »Produktivkräfte«

In den letzten Jahren haben eine Reihe von Studien, die mit der bemerkenswerten Ausnahme Georgescu-Roegens alle von Nichtökonomen verfaßt wurden, die Bedeutung der Kategorien »technischer Fortschritt«, »Investition« (als Wachstum des Produktionsvermögens) sowie den Begriff» Entwicklung der Produktivkräfte« in  Zweifel gezogen. Die Frage wurde aufgeworfen, was »Produktion« bedeuten könnte, oder zumindest, wie sie bewertet werden sollte. Ich spiele im folgenden weder auf die Tatsache an, daß wir Preise benötigen, um heterogene Produkte bewerten zu können, noch auf Sraffas Darlegung, derzufolge Preise von der Verteilung abhängen, so daß das Produktionsergebnis je nach den Einkommensverteilungen zwischen Löhnen und Profiten verschiedene Werte aufweisen wird. Ich beziehe mich vielmehr auf die Energieanalyse, in deren Sichtweise die» Produktion« gewachsen ist, das »Produktionsvermögen« zugenommen hat und sich die »Produktivkräfte« entwickelt haben, weil die auf den Vorrat an fossilen Brennstoffen einwirkenden Zerstörungspotentiale und -kräfte im Zeitablauf stark gestiegen sind

Cor como símbolo de classificação social

   O ponto básico que desejo focalizar aqui é o de que preconceito racial e discriminação são fatos determinados não física, mas social-mente. Peculiaridades físicas são, em si mesmas, neutras. Não im-plicam, como tais, em desigualdade . Isto é verdade tanto para dife-renças raciais como sexuais.

Environmental justice and the SDGs: from synergies to gaps and contradictions

Through their synergies, trade-offs, and contradictions, the sustainable development goals (SDGs) have the potential to lead to environmental justices and injustices. Yet, environmental justice (EJ), and social justice more broadly, are not currently embedded within the language and spirit of the SDGs. We part from the premise that “many ‘environmental’ problems are, by their very nature, problems of justice” (Lele, Wiley Interdiscip Rev Water 4:e1224, 2017). We review progress in EJ frameworks in recent years, arguing for the need to move beyond a focus on the four principles of mainstream EJ (distribution, procedure, recognition, and capabilities) towards a more intersectional decolonial approach to environmental justice that recognises the indispensability of both humans and non-humans. EJ frameworks, and the SDGs should recognise power dynamics, complex interactions among injustices, and listens to the different ‘senses of justice’ and desires of theorists, activists, and other stakeholder from the Global South. We analyze how EJ frameworks are, or fail to be, incorporated in the SDGs with a focus on the food–water–health nexus (SDG2, 3, 6); climate-energy (SDG7, 13), conservation (SDG14, 15); and poverty and inequality (SDG1, 10). We call attention to the ‘elephant in the room’—the failure to go beyond GDP but instead include economic growth as a goal (SDG8). We argue that sustainable degrowth and intersectional decolonial environmental justices would create better conditions for the transformative changes needed to reach the broader aim of the SDGs: to leave no one behind

Ecologically unequal exchange and ecological debt

This article introduces a Special Section on Ecologically Unequal Exchange (EUE), an underlying source of most of the environmental distribution conflicts in our time. The nine articles discuss theories, methodologies, and empirical case studies pertaining to ecologically unequal exchange, and address its relationship to ecological debt. Key words: Ecologically Unequal Exchange, ecological debt, political ecology   This is the introductory article in Alf Hornborg and Joan Martinez-Alier (eds.) 2016. "Ecologically unequal exchange and ecological debt", Special Section of the Journal of Political Ecology 23: 328-491