Median Joining Network

Median Joining Networ

NADH1 gene alignment

NADH1 gene alignmen

Theoretical framework.

<p>Theoretical framework.</p

Prevalence of helminth and malarial infections in rural and peri-urban populations.

<p>All data expressed as percentage (95% confidence intervals);</p>*<p>p<0.05,</p>**<p>p<0.005,</p>***<p>p<0.0005 vs rural.</p

Effect of chloroquine on the growth curve of <i>P. falciparum</i> sensitive and resistant strains.

<p>Synchronous cultures of sensitive (3D7, parasitemia of 1.3%) and resistant (Dd2, parasitemia of 1.4%) <i>P. falciparum</i> strains were incubated for 48 hours with doubling concentrations of chloroquine and analyzed at 6 hourly intervals. The inhibitory effect of chloroquine at higher concentrations (>25 nM) is clearly visible (arrow) after 18 hours of incubation (A). The resistant strain can easily be distinguished from the sensitive strain with growth curves of all drug concentrations being identical to the drug free control (B). Each time point represents the mean value of triplicate samples ± one SD.</p

Inhibitory concentrations (50%) of several antimalarial drugs against <i>P. falciparum</i> 3D7 strain determined by the Hemozoin detection assay at different times of incubation.

<p>Mean inhibitory concentration values (50%) ± one standard deviation are presented.</p><p>Standard deviation values are not shown for results that were not supported by at least three independent experiments. Time-points identified with (*) were not systematically analyzed, since the 24 hour time-point was used as the preferential time-point to reliably calculate IC50 values (as discussed in the manuscript).</p><p>(X) values could not be determined; (n.d.) no data available.</p

Prevalence of helminth and malarial infections in relation to various risk factors.

<p>All data expressed as percentage; *p<0.05, **p<0.005, ***p<0.0005 vs other sub-group of same variable.</p><p>For ART: *p<0.05, **p<0.005 vs d4T-3TC-NVP;</p>†<p>p<0.05,</p>†††<p>p<0.0005 vs AZT-NVP;</p>‡<p>p<0.05 vs AZT-3TC-NVP.</p

Gating for detection of depolarizing parasitized red blood cells in a <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> culture.

<p>Flow cytometric analysis of an uninfected and a synchronized <i>P. falciparum</i> (3D7) infected culture (1.5% parasitemia) after 24 hours of incubation, stained with SYBR green I. Plots of forward vs. side scatter for the uninfected and infected cultures appear in Figures A and B; corresponding plots of side scatter vs. depolarized side scatter appear in Figures C and D. The gates in Figures C and D identify the depolarizing events. Figures E and F (see text) illustrate gates defining SYBR green-positive parasitized cells. The blue dots on Figure F represent the depolarizing events. Staining with the red blood cell surface marker (CD235) shows that 99.5% of events in a stained sample (red line) exhibit fluorescence above the highest level measured in an unstained control (black line), indicating that the detected events are red blood cells (G). In the SYBR green I histogram (H) of the infected culture, the overall population (black line) shows a distinct peak with a high fluorescent intensity in the third decade. This peak corresponds mainly to the gated population of depolarizing events (pink line). Because SYBR green I intensity correlates with DNA content and thus with parasite level of maturation, the depolarizing population (pink line) consists mainly (79.4%) of mature parasites. The highly red- and green-fluorescent events visible outside the SYBR green gate just to the right of its apex represent contaminating white blood cells among the donor red cells.</p

Multiple logistic regression analyses to identify risk factors for helminth infections.

†<p>as compared to AZT-3TC-NVP;</p><p>data are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals);</p><p>odds ratios for ARTs are in comparison to therapy with AZT-3TC-NVP;</p><p>odds ratios are not given for variables that had no significant effect and were removed from regression model;</p><p>the following variables did not significantly affect risk for any of the above infections: gestational age, wearing shoes, use of dietary supplements and height;</p>*<p>p<0.05,</p>**<p>p<0.005,</p>***<p>p<0.0005.</p

Multiple logistic regression analyses to identify risk factors for malaria infection and helminth-malaria co-infection.

<p>Data are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals); odds ratios are not given for variables that had no significant effect and were removed from regression model; the following variables did not significantly affect risk for any of the above infections: location, ART, viral load, gravidity, wearing shoes, use of dietary supplements and height;</p>*<p>p<0.05,</p>**<p>p<0.005,</p>***<p>p<0.0005.</p