Auswirkungen von Schnitt-und Weidenutzung auf die Ertragsbildung und den Stickstoffgehalt verschiedener Futterleguminosen.

The objective of this study was to compare the agronomic performance of different forage legume species submitted to different management systems, i.e. grazing, silage-cut and simulated grazing to find alternatives for white clover. The experiment was established in 2003 and 2004 as binary swards with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as the companion grass with three replicates in two different sites on the experimental station “Lindhof” of the University of Kiel. Legume species were arranged within each management system as completely randomised blocks. Results of agro-nomic performance of the first production years in 2004 and 2005 (DM-yield, botanical composition, N-yield, N-content) are presented for white clover swards (Trifolium repens L.), red clover swards (Trifolium pratense L.), lucerne swards (grazing type, Medicago sativa L.) and birdsfoot trefoil swards (Lotus corniculatus L.). Considering both years the birdsfoot trefoil/grass-swards were the only ones which produced significantly less DM-yield (736 g DM m² a-1) under simulated grazing than the white clover/grass-swards (805 g DM m2 a-1). While under grazing all legume/grass-swards produced a significant lower DM-yield compared to the white clover/grass-swards, no significant differences can be found under the silage-cut system. Considering the N-yield, birdsfoot trefoil/grass-swards were the only legume/grass-swards which pro-duced a significant lower N-yield under the 5-cut system (14.1 g N m² a-1) as well as under grazing (15.7 g N m² a-1) compared to the white clover/grass-swards (26 g N m² a-1 and 21.9 g N m² a-1 respectively). Considering the botanical composition of the different legume/grass-swards all legume species had a significant higher propor-tion of total DM-yield under cutting compared to white clover in 2004. Comparisons between systems showed that beside the white clover/grass-swards all legume/grass-swards had a significant lower legume proportion under grazing in comparison to the cutting systems. Because of the comparable agronomic performance of the red clo-ver/grass-swards and lucerne/grass-swards, both legume species could be used as alternatives for white clover under cutting, while the birdsfoot trefoil/grass-swards should be considered carefully because of their low agronomic performance. Whereas white clover showed the highest performance under the grazing system, none of the different legume species present an alternative for white clover

Einfluss der Grünlandnutzung auf die PPO-Aktivität in Rotklee

Several studies show that polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in red clover reduces proteolysis and increases nitrogen use efficiency of the ruminant, but not much is known about factors affecting PPO activity in red clover plants. PPO activity was analysed in red clover plants from legume-grass mixtures subjected to three different management systems. The cutting frequency (3 or 5 cuts) caused only minor differences in PPO activity, whereas a significant increase in PPO activity could be proved for the rota-tional grazing system (RG), compared to the simulated grazing system (SG, 5 cuts) with equal use frequency. Results indicate a metabolic adaptation of the red clover plants due to the grazing process itself, leading to a control factor which has to be considered in case of red clover nutrition properties

Proteinqualität verschiedener Rotkleegenotypen unter Berücksichtigung der spezifischen Polyphenoloxidase-Aktivität

Increasing protein quality of forages in ruminant nutrition may contribute to reduce nitrogen losses in specialized dairy farms in Europe. Red clover is known to have high polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity among forage legumes. The enzyme oxidizes phenols to quinones. These highly reactive quinones form stabilized quinone-protein-complexes, protecting protein from fast degradation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the specific PPO activity on the protein fractions of twelve red clover genotypes in two management systems (without and with mechanical stress) in pure red clover swards. The results showed that genotype seem to be of minor importance compared to the variation in PPO activity induced by mechanical stress and particular by cut. Furthermore, with increasing specific PPO activity fraction A decreased and fraction C increased slightly. However, specific PPO activity was poorly related to the protein fractions, expressed by a low R²

Genotypbedingte Veränderungen der Proteinqualität bei der Gärfutterbereitung von Rotklee

Ensilage of red clover results in lower concentrations of non-protein nitrogen compared to other forage legumes. It is assumed that the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in red clover is related to this effect. Therefore, a laboratory ensiling trial was carried out to quantify the changes in crude protein (CP) fractions during the ensiling process using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. At four cutting dates, fresh, wilted and ensiled herbage of three red clover genotypes and white clover grown in two systems (with and without mechanical stress) was sampled. The specific PPO activity was measured photometrically in fresh leaves of the plants. Concentrations of fraction A increased from 130-197 g/kg CP to 372-544 g/kg CP during the fermentation process leading to a drop in true protein, primarily fraction B1. The most important source of variance was the ensiling stage, except for fraction C. Despite of differences in protein fractions between genotypes, these variations can not be explained by the specific PPO activity

Different approaches to evaluate tannin content and structure of selected plant extracts - review and new aspects

Tannins occur in many field herbs and legumes, providing an immense variability in structure and molecular weight. This leads to complications when measuring tannin content; comparability of different methods is problematic. The present investigations aimed at characterizing four different tannin extracts: quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii), mimosa (Acacia mearnsii), tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), and gambier (Uncaria gambir) and impact of storage conditions. Using photometrical methods as well as HPLC-ESI-MS, fundamental differences could be determined. Quebracho,  mimosa, and gambier contained 164.3, 108.2, and 169.3 g kg-1 of tannin (calculated as procyanidin C1); tara reached 647.5 g kg-1 (calculated as epigallocatechin gallate). Alongside with compounds already described in the literature, several tannin molecules were found that have not been observed before in the analyzed sources. Extraction with hot water provided clear advantage over treatment with acetone or methanol; the organic solvents resulted in 9.2 to 15.3 % less tannin isolation. Tannin content decreased by a maximum of 1 % per year stored at room temperature compared to 4 °C, but proportions of some compounds slightly shifted. Oven drying of material should be avoided. In general, the tannin extracts proved to have very diverse structures, making application of an overall standard method difficult

Fatty acid profile analysis of grape by-products from Slovakia and Austria

Article Details: Received: 2020-02-05 | Accepted: 2020-03-16 | Available online: 2020-06-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.02.78-84The objective of the present study was to determine the fatty acid profile of grape pomace, grape stem and grape bunch of three different cultivars of Vitis vinifera sp. (Green Veltliner, Pinot Blanc and Zweigelt) from two countries as a possible sources for animal nutrition. Fatty acid profile analysis was performed using the Agilent 6890 A GC machine. Significant differences (P <0.05) in fatty acid content of analyzed samples were detected between the countries, as well as between the cultivars within countries. Grape pomaces and grape bunches were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (70.91–71.86%), represented mainly by linoleic acid (69.79–70.32%), and low in saturated fatty acids (12.42–12.96%). Grape stems were characterized by a high saturated fatty acids content (24.46–30.85%), but on the other hand, these samples had the highest α-linolec acid concentration (9.98–14.52%). Oleic acid (12.24–15.17%) was the most abundant from monounsaturated fatty acids (12.69–15.33%) in all the analyzed samples. These results indicate a strong impact of the grape variety and location on the fatty acid profile of grape by-products and their potential to be evaluated as feed additives with high polyunsaturated fatty acids concentration in animal nutrition.Keywords: grape pomace, grape stalk, fatty acids, PUFA, SFAReferencesBEKHIT, A. et al. (2015). Technological Aspects of By-Product Utilization. Valorization of Wine Making By-Products, 117–198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b19423-5BENNEMANN, G. D. et al. (2016). Mineral analysis, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds in wine residues flour. In BIO Web of Conferences, 7, p. 04007.BOTELLA, C. et al. (2005). 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Herbage nutritive value of binary- and multi-species swards relative to single-species swards in intensive silage systems

peer-reviewedThe nutritive value of sown binary- and multi-species grassland mixtures may differ from the values expected based on single-species swards of their constituent species. Field plots were established in a split-plot design to assess the nutritive value of binary- and multi-species mixtures compared to single-species swards of three grass species and red clover (RC) (Trifolium pratense L.) managed for intensive silage production. The nutritive value of grass–legume binary mixtures reflected the values of the constituent species grown on their own, and thus may be predicted from monoculture values. The relatively low digestibility (dry matter digestibility [DMD]) and crude protein (CP) content of the Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) sward compared to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) suggests that it may have a limited role in binary- or multi-species swards. Herbage nutritive value in the multi-species swards (Mix 1: perennial ryegrass, timothy, RC and white clover [Trifolium repens L.]; Mix 2: perennial ryegrass, timothy, RC, ribwort plantain [Plantago lanceolata L.] and chicory [Cichorium intybus L.] ) appeared to be influenced more by the presence of legumes than herbs. Compared to perennial ryegrass, the multi-species swards had a slower rate of DMD decline prior to Cut 1, but subsequently had lower DMD values at the mid-season harvests. Both multi-species mixtures exhibited DMD, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and CP values that would not have been predicted from their constituent species and thus need to be measured on herbage from field plots growing these mixtures

Influence of Insoluble Dietary Fibre on Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Marker Genes in Caecum, Ileal Morphology, Performance, and Foot Pad Dermatitis in Broiler

In a low-fibre diet destined for broilers, the effects of two lignocellulose products and soybean hulls were evaluated regarding their effect on ileal morphometric parameters, caecal gene expression, foot pad dermatitis, and performance. A total of 5040-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were allotted to four treatments and fattened for 36 days applying a three-phase feeding program. The control diet consisted of corn, wheat, and soybean meal. Experimental diets were supplemented with 0.8% lignocellulose product 1, 0.8% lignocellulose product 2, or 1.6% soybean hulls. Tissue samples for caecal expression of inflammation-related genes and ileal morphometries were collected on day 21. Gizzard pH and weights were recorded, and foot pad scores were evaluated at day of slaughter (day 36). In starter (day 1–10) and finisher phase (day 28–36), no effect on the performance was observed. In grower phase (day 11–27), fibre-supplemented diets showed significantly heavier body weights and daily weight gains (p < 0.05). Daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and gene expression analysis were unaffected by dietary fibre supplementation. Positive effects regarding ileal morphometrics (higher villi) and foot pad health occurred in fibre-supplemented diets. In conclusion, fibre supplementation improved performance in grower phase and showed beneficial effects regarding ileal morphology and foot pad dermatitis

Effects of grazing intensity and environmental factors on species composition and diversity in typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, China.

In the present study, we aim to analyze the effect of grazing, precipitation and temperature on plant species dynamics in the typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, P.R. China. By uncoupling biotic and abiotic factors, we provide essential information on the main drivers determining species composition and species diversity. Effects of grazing by sheep were studied in a controlled experiment along a gradient of seven grazing intensities (from ungrazed to very heavily grazed) during six consecutive years (2005-2010). The results show that plant species composition and diversity varied among years but were little affected by grazing intensity, since the experimental years were much dryer than the long term average, the abiotic constraints may have overridden any grazing effect. Among-year differences were predominantly determined by the abiotic factors of precipitation and temperature. Most of the variation in species dynamics and coexistence between C3 and C4 species was explained by seasonal weather conditions, i.e. precipitation and temperature regime during the early-season (March-June) were most important in determining vegetation dynamics. The dominant C3 species Stipa grandis was highly competitive in March-June, when the temperature levels were low and rainfall level was high. In contrast, the most common C4 species Cleistogenes squarrosa benefited from high early-season temperature levels and low early-season rainfall. However, biomass of Stipa grandis was positively correlated with temperature in March, when effective mean temperature ranges from 0 to 5°C and thus promotes vernalization and vegetative sprouting. Our results suggest that, over a six-year term, it is temporal variability in precipitation and temperature rather than grazing that determines vegetation dynamics and species co-existence of grazed steppe ecosystems. Furthermore, our data support that the variability in the biomass of dominant species, rather than diversity, determine ecosystem functioning. The present study provides fundamental knowledge on the complex interaction of grazing - vegetation - climate