Jobs and Exposure to International Trade within the Service Sector in Sweden

The service sector is very heterogeneous with respect to internationalization; in some industries there is international trade (or it may potentially exist), whereas other industries are non-tradable. Data on international trade in services is, however, typically very limited, making it difficult to identify in which industries there are international trade. In this paper, we partially surmount the problems with insufficient service trade statistics by calculating locational Ginis for different industries in the private business sector as well as in the public sector. The basic idea is that from the regional concentration of different activities within a country one can identify industries where there appears to be regional trade, and hence also a potential for international trade. Based on our method we find that the number of employed in tradable service appears to be at least as large as in the manufacturing sector. Remarkably, a larger share of the skilled labor exposed to international trade is working in the service sector than in manufacturing, while a majority of the less skilled labor working in tradable industries is employed in manufacturing. When it comes to employment growth, we observe that the employment has increased in tradable service, while it has fallen in the manufacturing sector (the whole sector is regarded as tradable).jobs; service trade; regional concentration; structural change

Do Firms Learn by Exporting or Learn to Export? Evidence from Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Swedish Manufacturing

Using a matching approach, we compare the productivity trajectories of future exporters and matched and unmatched non-exporters. Future exporters have higher productivity than do unmatched non-exporters before entry into the export market, which indicates self-selection into exports. More interestingly, we also find a productivity increase among future exporters relative to matched non-exporters 1-2 years before export entry. However, the productivity gap between future exporters and matched non-exporters does not continue to grow after export entry. Our results suggest that learning-to-export occurs but that learning-by-exporting does not. In contrast to previous studies on Swedish manufacturing, we focus particularly on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)productivity; learning-to-export; learning-by-exporting; matching

Jobs and Exposure to International Trade within the Service Sector in Sweden

The service sector is very heterogeneous with respect to internationalization; in some industries there is international trade (or it may potentially exist), whereas other industries are non-tradable. Data on international trade in services is, however, typically very limited, making it difficult to identify in which industries there are international trade. In this paper, we partially surmount the problems with insufficient service trade statistics by calculating locational Ginis for different industries in the private business sector as well as in the public sector. The basic idea is that from the regional concentration of different activities within a country one can identify industries where there appears to be regional trade, and hence also a potential for international trade. Based on our method we find that the number of employed in tradable service appears to be at least as large as in the manufacturing sector. Remarkably, a larger share of the skilled labor exposed to international trade is working in the service sector than in manufacturing, while a majority of the less skilled labor working in tradable industries is employed in manufacturing. When it comes to employment growth, we observe that the employment has increased in tradable service, while it has fallen in the manufacturing sector (the whole sector is regarded as tradable).jobs; service trade; regional concentration; structural change

Do Firms Learn by Exporting or Learn to Export? Evidence from Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Swedish Manufacturing

Using a matching approach, we compare the productivity trajectories of future exporters and matched and unmatched non-exporters. Future exporters have higher productivity than do unmatched non-exporters before entry into the export market, which indicates self-selection into exports. More interestingly, we also find a productivity increase among future exporters relative to matched non-exporters 1-2 years before export entry. However, the productivity gap between future exporters and matched non-exporters does not continue to grow after export entry. Our results suggest that learning-to-export occurs but that learning-by-exporting does not. In contrast to previous studies on Swedish manufacturing, we focus particularly on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).productivity; learning-to-export; learning-by-exporting; matching

Exploring Determinants of the Firm Boundary for Swedish Multinationals

This paper empirically examines the foreign internalisation decision of multinational corporations. The purpose of the paper is to identify determinants of the firm boundary, where within-boundary production takes the form of foreign direct investments (FDI) and outside-boundary production takes place through international outsourcing, with reference to recently developed general-equilibrium trade theories incorporating firm behaviour. The empirical investigation is performed for 2246 multinationals production engagements in 148 foreign countries under the 1997 to 2006 period. The primary contribution of the paper is the investigation of firm behaviour per se instead of industry level implications of firm behaviour.Foreign Direct Investment; International Outsourcing; Firm-level Evidence

Exploring Determinants of the Firm Boundary for Swedish Multinationals

This paper empirically examines the foreign internalisation decision of multinational corporations. The purpose of the paper is to identify determinants of the firm boundary, where within-boundary production takes the form of foreign direct investments (FDI) and outside-boundary production takes place through international outsourcing, with reference to recently developed general-equilibrium trade theories incorporating firm behaviour. The empirical investigation is performed for 2246 multinationals production engagements in 148 foreign countries under the 1997 to 2006 period. The primary contribution of the paper is the investigation of firm behaviour per se instead of industry level implications of firm behaviour

Location of R&D within Swedish Multinational Enterprises

The report analyzes factors that affect the localization of research and development (R&D) within Swedish-owned multinational enterprises in different countries (including Sweden). It also aims to investigate how Sweden is positioned with regard to these factors in an international perspective.Svenska multinationella företag (MNF) står för en betydande del av utgifterna förforskning och utveckling (FoU) i näringslivet i Sverige (46 procent) och det har längefunnits ett stort intresse för vad som bestämmer lokaliseringen av FoU. Det beror på attFoU förväntas ha positiva effekter på tillväxten, skapa kvalificerade jobb samt ökatillgången på ny kunskap i ett land. Syftet med denna studie är att analysera vilkafaktorer som påverkar lokaliseringen av FoU inom MNF i olika länder (inklusiveSverige).Det visar sig att det mellan 1999 och 2019 har skett en klar minskning av den andel FoUsom utförs inom svenska MNF i Sverige. Är detta en indikation på att Sverige blivitmindre attraktivt som investeringsland för FoU? En slutsats i rapporten är, att när hänsyntas till olika faktorer som förväntas påverka var lokaliseringen av FoU sker, tycks dettainte vara fallet

Jobs and exposure to international trade within the service sector in Sweden

To establish in which service industries there is international trade (or it may potentially exist), we calculate locational Ginis for different industries. The basic idea is that from this measure of regional concentration of different activities within a country we can identify industries where there appears to be regional trade, and hence also a potential for international trade. Based on our method, we find that: (i) the number of employed in tradable service appears to be at least as large as in the manufacturing sector, (ii) tradable service is much more skill intensive than manufacturing, and (iii) lately, the employment in tradable service has increased substantially. We argue that the last mentioned result is consistent with the substantial growth of skilled labour in Sweden since the mid-1990s (Rybczynski effect) and factors leading to increased relative demand for skilled labour. Particularly, increased competition from and offshoring to low-wage countries seem recently to have had a considerable impact on the creation of skilled jobs and the displacement of less skilled jobs in the tradable sector in Sweden. Furthermore, we apply a similar method as for industries to identify tradable occupations. Using our classification of tradable industries and tradable occupations in a Mincer type wage equation, we find that workers in such industries and occupations receive a wage premia of 1213 per cent

Tjänsteexporten allt viktigare för Sverige

Den svenska utrikeshandeln domineras av varuhandeln. Endast runt 30 procent av den totala exporten utgörs av export av tjänster, medan tjänstesektorns andel av BNP eller av den totala sysselsättningen är avsevärt större än tillverkningsindustrins. Tjänsteexporten har emellertid på senare år vuxit snabbare än varuexporten och det finns, som redogörs för i uppsatsen, anledning att hävda att tjänstehandelns betydelse i förhållande till varuhandeln underskattas. I uppsatsen analyseras hur det internationella specialiseringsmönstret ser ut inom den svenska tjänstesektorn och dessutom diskuteras det ökade samspelet mellan varu- ochtjänsteproducerande sektorer. Slutligen argumenteras för att tjänstehandeln behöver belysas bättre i den ekonomiska statistiken.Tillväxtanalys är statistikansvarig myndighet för statistikområdet Konkurser och offentliga ackord.</p