119 research outputs found
Ekman Pumping in Compact Astrophysical Bodies
We examine the dynamics of a rotating viscous fluid following an abrupt
change in the angular velocity of the solid bounding surface. We include the
effects of a density stratification and compressibility which are important in
astrophysical objects such as neutron stars. We confirm and extend the
conclusions of previous studies that stratification restricts the Ekman pumping
process to a relatively thin layer near the boundary, leaving much of the
interior fluid unaffected. We find that finite compressibility further inhibits
Ekman pumping by decreasing the extent of the pumped layer and by increasing
the time for spin-up. The results of this paper are important for interpreting
the spin period discontinuities (``glitches'') observed in rotating neutron
stars.Comment: Latex, 21 pages, 5 ps figures. Revised version includes extended
discussion in the introduction and references to previous works. Various
minor corrections and clarifications include
A LASSO penalized regression approach for genome-wide association analyses using related individuals: application to the Genetic Analysis Workshop 19 simulated data
We propose a novel LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) penalized regression method used to analyze samples consisting of (potentially) related individuals. Developed in the context of linear mixed models, our method models the relatedness of individuals in the sample through a random effect whose covariance structure is a linear function of known matrices with elements combinations of the condensed coefficients of identity between the individuals in the sample. We implement our method to analyze the simulated family data provided by the 19th Genetic Analysis Workshop in an effort to identify loci regulating the simulated trait of systolic blood pressure. The analyses were performed with full knowledge of the simulation model. Our findings demonstrate that we can significantly reduce the rate of false positive signals by incorporating the relatedness of the study participants
Application of Equal Local Levels to Improve Q-Q Plot Testing Bands with R Package qqconf
Quantile-Quantile (Q-Q) plots are often difficult to interpret because it is
unclear how large the deviation from the theoretical distribution must be to
indicate a lack of fit. Most Q-Q plots could benefit from the addition of
meaningful global testing bands, but the use of such bands unfortunately
remains rare because of the drawbacks of current approaches and packages. These
drawbacks include incorrect global Type I error rate, lack of power to detect
deviations in the tails of the distribution, relatively slow computation for
large data sets, and limited applicability. To solve these problems, we apply
the equal local levels global testing method, which we have implemented in the
R Package qqconf, a versatile tool to create Q-Q plots and
probability-probability (P-P) plots in a wide variety of settings, with
simultaneous testing bands rapidly created using recently-developed algorithms.
qqconf can easily be used to add global testing bands to Q-Q plots made by
other packages. In addition to being quick to compute, these bands have a
variety of desirable properties, including accurate global levels, equal
sensitivity to deviations in all parts of the null distribution (including the
tails), and applicability to a range of null distributions. We illustrate the
use of qqconf in several applications: assessing normality of residuals from
regression, assessing accuracy of p values, and use of Q-Q plots in genome-wide
association studies
QTLRel: an R Package for Genome-wide Association Studies in which Relatedness is a Concern
BACKGROUND Existing software for quantitative trait mapping is either not able to model polygenic variation or does not allow incorporation of more than one genetic variance component. Improperly modeling the genetic relatedness among subjects can result in excessive false positives. We have developed an R package, QTLRel, to enable more flexible modeling of genetic relatedness as well as covariates and non-genetic variance components. RESULTS We have successfully used the package to analyze many datasets, including Fââ body weight data that contains 688 individuals genotyped at 3105 SNP markers and identified 11 QTL. It took 295 seconds to estimate variance components and 70 seconds to perform the genome scan on an Linux machine equipped with a 2.40GHz Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU. CONCLUSIONS QTLRel provides a toolkit for genome-wide association studies that is capable of calculating genetic incidence matrices from pedigrees, estimating variance components, performing genome scans, incorporating interactive covariates and genetic and non-genetic variance components, as well as other functionalities such as multiple-QTL mapping and genome-wide epistasis.This project was supported by NIH grants R01DA021336, R01MH079103 and R21DA024845
Wide-coverage deep statistical parsing using automatic dependency structure annotation
A number of researchers (Lin 1995; Carroll, Briscoe, and Sanfilippo 1998; Carroll et al. 2002; Clark and Hockenmaier 2002; King et al. 2003; Preiss 2003; Kaplan et al. 2004;Miyao and Tsujii 2004) have convincingly argued for the use of dependency (rather than CFG-tree) representations
for parser evaluation. Preiss (2003) and Kaplan et al. (2004) conducted a number of experiments comparing âdeepâ hand-crafted wide-coverage with âshallowâ treebank- and machine-learning based parsers at the level of dependencies, using simple and automatic methods to convert tree output generated by the shallow parsers into dependencies. In this article, we revisit the experiments
in Preiss (2003) and Kaplan et al. (2004), this time using the sophisticated automatic LFG f-structure annotation methodologies of Cahill et al. (2002b, 2004) and Burke (2006), with surprising results. We compare various PCFG and history-based parsers (based on Collins, 1999; Charniak, 2000; Bikel, 2002) to find a baseline parsing system that fits best into our automatic dependency structure annotation technique. This combined system of syntactic parser and dependency structure annotation is compared to two hand-crafted, deep constraint-based parsers (Carroll and Briscoe 2002; Riezler et al. 2002). We evaluate using dependency-based gold standards (DCU 105, PARC 700, CBS 500 and dependencies for WSJ Section 22) and use the Approximate Randomization Test (Noreen 1989) to test the statistical significance of the results. Our experiments show that machine-learning-based shallow grammars augmented with sophisticated automatic dependency annotation technology outperform hand-crafted, deep, widecoverage constraint grammars. Currently our best system achieves an f-score of 82.73% against the PARC 700 Dependency Bank (King et al. 2003), a statistically significant improvement of 2.18%over the most recent results of 80.55%for the hand-crafted LFG grammar and XLE parsing system of Riezler et al. (2002), and an f-score of 80.23% against the CBS 500 Dependency Bank (Carroll, Briscoe, and Sanfilippo 1998), a statistically significant 3.66% improvement over the 76.57% achieved by the hand-crafted RASP grammar and parsing system of Carroll and
Briscoe (2002)
Observational constraints on the Internal Structure and Dynamics of the Vela Pulsar
We show that the short spin-up time observed for the Vela pulsar during the
1988 ``Christmas'' glitch implies that the coupling time of the pulsar core to
its crust is less than 10 seconds. Ekman pumping cannot explain the fast
core-crust coupling and a more effective coupling is necessary. The internal
magnetic field of the Vela pulsar can provide the necessary coupling if the
field threads the core with a magnitude that exceeds Gauss for a
normal interior and Gauss for a superconducting interior. These
lower bounds favor the hypothesis that the interior of neutron stars contains
superfluid neutrons and protons and challenge the notion that pulsar magnetic
fields decay over million year time scales or that magnetic flux is expelled
from the core as the star slows.Comment: Latex with aasms4 style file, 15 pages, 1 ps figur
Performance Testing of a Photocatalytic Oxidation Module for Spacecraft Cabin Atmosphere Revitalization
Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) is a candidate process technology for use in high volumetric flow rate trace contaminant control applications in sealed environments. The targeted application for PCO as applied to crewed spacecraft life support system architectures is summarized. Technical challenges characteristic of PCO are considered. Performance testing of a breadboard PCO reactor design for mineralizing polar organic compounds in a spacecraft cabin atmosphere is described. Test results are analyzed and compared to results reported in the literature for comparable PCO reactor designs
- âŠ