Analiza ekonomske opravdanosti i kvalitete mlijeka kod slobodnog držanja krava - "case study"

The aim of the study was technological and economical analysis of free range cow breeding. The case study analyzed two different systems of holstein-friesian dairy cows breeding. The model total costs enterprise budget was developed for evaluation of economic feasibility of loose housing dairy cows in comparison with tied cow breeding system. Computer supported calculation enabled estimation of the most important economical parameters (net return, total cost, and coefficient of economics). Results obtained show that (at observed input parameters) loose housing system is economically feasible, if there is a minimum of 41 dairy cows with an average milk production of 8610 kg per cow. It was also established that cows need approximately 6 months to fully adapt to the loose housing system.Cilj rada bila je usporedba između vezanog i slobodnog držanja krava. Koristeći “case study” pristup analizirane su tehnološko ekonomske značajke oba sustava držanja krava. Za oba sustava razvijena je modelna kalkulacija troškova proizvodnje koja omogoćava analizu nekih indikatora ekonomske efikasnosti proizvodnje (financijski rezultat, cijena koštanja, koeficijent ekonomičnosti). Rezultati pokazuju, da je sistem slobodnog držanja ekonomski opravdan za minimalno 41 muznu kravu u stadu s prosječnom proizvodnjom mlijeka 8 610 kg po grlu. Također smo ustanovili, potrebno je barem 6 mjeseci za potpunu prilagodbu životinja na slobodni sustav držanja

The influence of roughage quality on milk production in the Ptuj region

Analizirana proizvodnja mlijeka na 10 seoskih gospodarstava općine Ptuj, gdje zaostaju prosječne količine proizvedenog mlijeka simentalske pasmine krava muzara za ostalim regijama Slovenije. Istraživana je kvaliteta, pripremljene količine voluminozne krme i njihov utjecaj na proizvodnju mlijeka. Ustanovljeno je, da u krmnim obrocima nisu izbalansirani: suha tvar, energija i bjelančevine. Obrocima nedostaju smjese mineralnih tvari i vitamina te stočna sol. Nedovoljna, proizvodnja dovoljnih količina osnovne voluminozne i koncentrirane krme na gospodarstvima onemogućuje maksimalno iskorištavanje proizvodnog potencijala krava muzara, koje su u razdoblju od 1987. do 1992. proizvele 3318 kg mlijeka s 3,74% mliječne masti u standardnoj laktaciji. Prosjek mliječnih bjelančevina praćen u razdoblju od 1990. do 1992. iznosio je 3,17%.This paper presents the results of milk production analysis at ten farms in the Ptuj region (located in the North-East of Slovenia), where the milk production of Simmental cattle is on average lower than in other Slovenia regions. The quality of roughage and the quantity of roughage production are investigated together with their effects on milk production. It is proved that in feed rations the dry matter/energy input/proteins ratio is not properly balanced. There is also the lack of vitamin /mineral mixtures and salt The insufficient production of roughage and feed concentrate on the farms prevents the optimum exploitation of milk cows production potential in this region, which, in standard lactation, between 1987 and 1992 produced 3,818 kg of milk fat content beeing 3.74%. The average percentage of milk proteins from 1990 to 1992 was 3.17%

The influence of roughage quality on milk production in the Ptuj region

Analizirana proizvodnja mlijeka na 10 seoskih gospodarstava općine Ptuj, gdje zaostaju prosječne količine proizvedenog mlijeka simentalske pasmine krava muzara za ostalim regijama Slovenije. Istraživana je kvaliteta, pripremljene količine voluminozne krme i njihov utjecaj na proizvodnju mlijeka. Ustanovljeno je, da u krmnim obrocima nisu izbalansirani: suha tvar, energija i bjelančevine. Obrocima nedostaju smjese mineralnih tvari i vitamina te stočna sol. Nedovoljna, proizvodnja dovoljnih količina osnovne voluminozne i koncentrirane krme na gospodarstvima onemogućuje maksimalno iskorištavanje proizvodnog potencijala krava muzara, koje su u razdoblju od 1987. do 1992. proizvele 3318 kg mlijeka s 3,74% mliječne masti u standardnoj laktaciji. Prosjek mliječnih bjelančevina praćen u razdoblju od 1990. do 1992. iznosio je 3,17%.This paper presents the results of milk production analysis at ten farms in the Ptuj region (located in the North-East of Slovenia), where the milk production of Simmental cattle is on average lower than in other Slovenia regions. The quality of roughage and the quantity of roughage production are investigated together with their effects on milk production. It is proved that in feed rations the dry matter/energy input/proteins ratio is not properly balanced. There is also the lack of vitamin /mineral mixtures and salt The insufficient production of roughage and feed concentrate on the farms prevents the optimum exploitation of milk cows production potential in this region, which, in standard lactation, between 1987 and 1992 produced 3,818 kg of milk fat content beeing 3.74%. The average percentage of milk proteins from 1990 to 1992 was 3.17%

Utjecaj zamjene koncentrata na farmi krava muzara

The purpose of the research was to establish the effect of concentrates A (C-A) and B (C-B) on the quantity and composition of the produced milk of dairy cows. The research included cows of Holstein Friesian and Simmental breeds and crossbreeds with Simmental breed. The test took place in two periods. The first period with the C-A lasted from December 2004 to February 2005 and included 113 cows. During the second period the C-B was fed. The test endured from April to June 2005. The results of monthly controls of milk quantity and protein and fat contents were entered into the Excel programme and processed with the statistical programme SPSS for Windows 12.0. When the concentrate B was fed, the milk quantity amounted to 21.99 L/day and was statistically significantly (P<0.05) greater than the milk quantity in case of feeding the concentrate A, when the milk quantity was 19.12 L/day. No statistically significant differences (P<0.05) of the protein and fat content in the milk were established.Željeli smo utvrditi utjecaj koncentrata A i B na količinu i sastav namuzenog mlijeka krava muzara. U istraživanje smo uključili krave holštajnsko-frizijske i simentalske pasmine te križance sa simentalskom pasminom. Pokus smo proveli u dva razdoblja. Prvo razdoblje s koncentratom A trajalo je od prosinca 2004. do veljače 2005. sa 113 uključenih krava. U drugom razdoblju s koncentratom B pokus je realiziran od travnja do lipnja 2005. Dobivene rezultate za količinu mlijeka, sadržaj proteina i masti kod svake mjesečne kontrole stavili smo u Excel te ih statistički obradili pomoću SPSS for Windows 12.0. Količina mlijeka iznosila je uz hranidbu koncentrata B 21,99 L/dan i bila je statistički signifikantno (P<0,05) veća od količine mlijeka kod primjene koncentrata A, gdje je iznosila 19,12 L/dan. Kod sadržaja proteina i masti u mlijeku nismo utvrdili statistički signifikantnih razlika (P<0,05)

Usporedba dugovječnosti i proizvodnih svojstava holstein i simentalskih krava različitog podrijetla

The aim of this research was to establish whether there are differences in the longevity and production characteristics within the studied breeds of cows of different origin. Holstein cows of Slovenian (461) and foreign (356) origin and Simmental cows of Slovenian (261) and foreign (43) origin were studied. Only culled animals that previously had between 1 and 9 lactations were included. The analyzed properties consisted of characteristics related to the longevity and lifetime productivity. Compared with Slovenian cows, imported Holstein cows had a significantly longer calving interval (1210±31 days, 1337±39 days, P=0.008), a longer dry period (172±6 days, 192±7 days, P=0.022), and a significantly lower daily milk yield (23.0±0.2 kg, 22.0±0.3 kg, P=0.002). Significant differences between Simmental cows of Slovenian and foreign origin were observed in functional productivity (1317±52 days, 1808±186 days, P=0.006), longevity (2175±53 days, 2701±145 days, P=0.004), and duration of lifetime lactation (990±38 days, 1265±137 days, P=0.037).Cilj rada bio je utvrditi postoje li razlike u dugovječnosti i proizvodnim karakteristikama između pasmina krava različitog podrijetla. Proučavane su holstein krave slovenskog (461) i stranog (356) podrijetla i simentalske krave slovenskog (261) i stranog (43) podrijetla. Samo krave koje su imale između 1 i 9 laktacija bile su uključene u istraživanje. Analizirana svojstva čine karakteristike vezane za dugovječnost i životnu proizvodnju. U usporedbi sa slovenskim kravama, uvezene holstein krave imale su značajno dulji interval između teljenja (1210±31 dana, 1337±39 dana, P=0,008), dulji suhostaj (172±6 dana, 192±7 dana, P=0,022), i značajno niži prinos mlijeka dnevno (23,0±0,2 kg, 22,0±0,3 kg, P=0,002). Statistički značajne razlike zabilježene su između krava slovenskoga i stranog podrijetla u promatranju funkcionalne produktivnosti (1317±52 dana, 1808±186 dana, P=0,006), dugovječnosti (2175±53 dana, 2701±145 dana, P=0,004) i u trajanju životne laktacije (990±38 dana, 1265±137 dana, P=0,037)

Usporedba dugovječnosti i proizvodnih svojstava holstein i simentalskih krava različitog podrijetla

The aim of this research was to establish whether there are differences in the longevity and production characteristics within the studied breeds of cows of different origin. Holstein cows of Slovenian (461) and foreign (356) origin and Simmental cows of Slovenian (261) and foreign (43) origin were studied. Only culled animals that previously had between 1 and 9 lactations were included. The analyzed properties consisted of characteristics related to the longevity and lifetime productivity. Compared with Slovenian cows, imported Holstein cows had a significantly longer calving interval (1210±31 days, 1337±39 days, P=0.008), a longer dry period (172±6 days, 192±7 days, P=0.022), and a significantly lower daily milk yield (23.0±0.2 kg, 22.0±0.3 kg, P=0.002). Significant differences between Simmental cows of Slovenian and foreign origin were observed in functional productivity (1317±52 days, 1808±186 days, P=0.006), longevity (2175±53 days, 2701±145 days, P=0.004), and duration of lifetime lactation (990±38 days, 1265±137 days, P=0.037).Cilj rada bio je utvrditi postoje li razlike u dugovječnosti i proizvodnim karakteristikama između pasmina krava različitog podrijetla. Proučavane su holstein krave slovenskog (461) i stranog (356) podrijetla i simentalske krave slovenskog (261) i stranog (43) podrijetla. Samo krave koje su imale između 1 i 9 laktacija bile su uključene u istraživanje. Analizirana svojstva čine karakteristike vezane za dugovječnost i životnu proizvodnju. U usporedbi sa slovenskim kravama, uvezene holstein krave imale su značajno dulji interval između teljenja (1210±31 dana, 1337±39 dana, P=0,008), dulji suhostaj (172±6 dana, 192±7 dana, P=0,022), i značajno niži prinos mlijeka dnevno (23,0±0,2 kg, 22,0±0,3 kg, P=0,002). Statistički značajne razlike zabilježene su između krava slovenskoga i stranog podrijetla u promatranju funkcionalne produktivnosti (1317±52 dana, 1808±186 dana, P=0,006), dugovječnosti (2175±53 dana, 2701±145 dana, P=0,004) i u trajanju životne laktacije (990±38 dana, 1265±137 dana, P=0,037)

Better Tolerance against Dietary Mycotoxins in Fattening Bulls when Supplemented with Farmatan-D

Hydrolysable tannins are polyphenolic secondary metabolites of plants, with a high bioactive function. A twelve-month feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of the feed additive Farmatan-D® on average daily gain (ADG) of Simmental bulls. The feed supplement Farmatan-D® mainly consists of highly concentrated hydrolysable tannins, organic acids, and lignocellulose. This study focused on two periods. First period from month 1 to 7, and from month 8 to 12 of study. The study reveals that ADG in the first 7 months of the feeding trial is numerically higher (P = 0.119) in the control group and lower in the group with added Farmatan-D®. The results after the 8th month of our investigation suggest that the group supplemented with Farmatan-D® showed (P = 0.003) higher ADG than the control group after the month when a drop in ADG was observed due to the incidence of mycotoxicosis. Feed supplement helps animals better tolerate nutritional and metabolic imbalances and results in smaller production losses for the farmers

ANALIZA EKONOMSKE OPRAVDANOSTI KRMNIH MEĐUUSJEVA ZA PREHRANU MUZNIH KRAVA

The catch crops can represent a viable forage source in dry years. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the preliminary feasibility study of three different catch crops that can be used in northeast Slovenia. The Italian ryegrass (Lollium multiflorum Lam.), cow cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., convar.: acephala (DC) Alef. var viridis) and Sudan grass (Sorghum sudannense (Piper) Stapf) were included into the analysis. On the basis of field experiments and other available data the catch crops simulation models were derived. The models enable estimation of costs and returns of catch crops mentioned above at different input parameters. Individual analyzed catch crop was included into milking cow feeding rations which were derived with the application of a mathematical optimisation program. The estimated costs of feeding ration represent the basis for comparison of catch crops feasibility.Suše mogu ozbiljno ograničiti prinose krmnih usjeva. Krmni međuusjevi mogu zbog toga predstavljati izvor stočne hrane u sušnim godinama. Cilj ovog rada je prikaz rezultata preliminarne studije ekonomske opravdanosti pojedinih krmnih međuusjeva u sjeveroistočnoj Sloveniji: talijanskog (jednogodišnjeg) ljulja (Lollium multiflorum Lam.), stočnog kelja (Brassica oleracea L., convar.: acephala (DC) Alef. var viridis) i sudanske trave (Sorghum sudannense (Piper) Stapf). Na temelju rezultata poljskih pokusa i ostalih podataka izgrađen je tehnološko ekonomski simulacijski model proizvodnje krmnih međuusjeva za procjenu troškova proizvodnje kod različitih proizvodno-tehnoloških parametara. Pojedini krmni međuusjev uključen je u teoretske proračune stočnih obroka za muzne krave, izrađene pomoću matematićkog optimizacijskog programa. Proračun troška stočnog obroka je osnova za komparativnu analizu ekonomske opravdanosti pojedinih krmnih međuusjeva

PASTURE AS THE MOST FAVOURABLE KIND OF FATTENING OF YOUNG CATTLE IN THE NORTH-EAST SLOVENIA

Rad obuhvaća iskustva i rezultate višegodišnjeg projekta prirodnog tova volova na manjim seoskim gospodarstvima u sjeveroistočnom dijelu Slovenije. U okviru očekivanih rezultata i ciljeva projekta analizirano je gospodarenje na travnjačkim površinama poljoprivrednih gospodarstava s osvrtom na analizu utjecaja tova goveda i opskrbe pašnjaka te florističke karakteristike i biološku raznolikost. Rezultati prikazuju primjenu tehnologije tova volova simentalske pasmine na ispaši i usporedbu s intenzivnim tovom bikova iste pasmine, postignute parametre rasta, klaoničke vrijednosti, analizu ekonomičnosti i prodaje. Cilj istraživanja bila je analiza klaoničkih vrijednosti volova u ekstenzivnom držanju (VE) različite starosti u vrijeme kastracije (210 dana) te bikova u intenzivnom uzgoju (IB). Volovi iz ekstenzivnog uzgoja zaklani su u dobi od 23 mjeseca, bikovi u dobi od 17 mjeseci. Sve desne ohlađene polovice bile su rasječene između 7. i 8. rebra na prednju i zadnju četvrt, zatim su četvrti rasječene u pojedinačne tjelesne dijelove, koji su podijeljeni na meso, masno tkivo, tetive, kosti i na kraju je sve izvagano. Volovi IB imali su statistički signifikantno veću tjelesnu masu za vrijeme klanja u usporedbi VE (664 ± 41 kg; 562 ± 46 kg; P 0,05) različit između promatranih skupina životinja. Volovi skupine EV210 imali su manju masu prednjih i zadnjih četvrti u usporedbi s IB. U prednjoj četvrti nije bilo statistički značajnih razlika (P > 0,05) u postotku mesa između promatranih skupina životinja. IB imali su u zadnjoj četvrti statistički značajno (P 210. Po klasifikaciji EUROP 78,5 % volova svrstano je u klasu R.The research contains experience and results of several years project of sustainable fattening of steers on smalle farms in northeastern regions of Slovenia. In the scope of expected results and aims of the project management of grassland belonging to farmers was analysed with regard to the effect of cattle fattening and grassland maintenance and floral characteristics and biotic diversity. The results show the technology of fattening of steers of the Simental breed on pasture and the comparison with the intensive feeding of bulls of the same breed. Compared are the atained growth parameters, slaughter value, the economic analisys and sale. The aim of the research was to analise the slaughter value of steers in extensive breeding (VE) of different age in the time of castration (210 days) and of bulls in intensive breeding (IB). The steers from the extensive breeding were slaughtered at the age of 23 months and bulls at the age of 17 months. All right cold halves were chopped between the 7th and 8th rib into the front and the hind quarter, then the quarters were chopped into individual body parts, which were divided into meat, fat tisue, sinew, bones and in the end everything was weighed. IB had statistically significantly greater body mass at the time of slaughtering in comparison to VE (664 ± 41 kg; 562 ± 46, P 0,05) differ between researched groups of animals. The steers in group EV210 had a lower body mass and in the front and hind quarters no statistically significant differences were found (P 210. After EUROP classification 78,5 % of steers were in class R

Ekonomske koristi prehrambenih lanaca temeljenih na vrijednosti za mliječne farme u planinskim područjima: ekonometrijska analiza

The attention of this paper is drawn to analyze the economic potential of involvement of farmers into the small-medium sized value-based food chain (VBFC). The survey represents a solid dana basis from which econometric modelling approach was further developed. Empirical results reveal the positive economic viability on a general level; this means more stable purchase price of raw milk for dairy farms, which are the part of value-based food chain. Results point at inelastic demand for milk and milk related products. Furthermore, there are some accompanying and underlying indirect social benefits, such as production of high-quality food products, more stable and constant demand for raw milk, steady payments and better social situation. The last one is especially important for the farms operating in less-favored mountain areas where the survey was actually conducted.Cilj rada je analizirati ekonomske koristi uključenosti poljoprivrednika u male i srednje velike prehrambene lance temeljene na vrijednosti proizvoda. Istraživanjem su prikupljeni podatci pomoću kojih je razvijen ekonometrijski model. Empirijski rezultati pokazuju pozitivne ekonomske koristi. Na općoj razini, to znači stabilniju otkupnu cijenu sirovog mlijeka za mliječne farme koje su dio prehrambenog lanca temeljenog na vrijednosti. Rezultati pokazuju neelastičnu potražnju za mlijekom i proučavanim mliječnim proizvodima. Nadalje, tu se pokazuju i neke društvene koristi, kao što je proizvodnja visokokvalitetnih prehrambenih proizvoda, stabilnija i postojana potražnja za sirovim mlijekom, što u konačnici poljoprivrednicima donosi stabilan prihod i bolju socijalnu situaciju. Posljednje je posebno važno za poljoprivredna gospodarstva u područjima s težim uvjetima gospodarenja gdje je istraživanje i provedeno