Utjecaj levamizola na koncentraciju kortizola i promjene u perifernoj krvi svinja izloženih stresu

The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of levamisole (LEV) application in pigs stressed by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injection on the total and differential leukocyte count, blood erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and cortisol level during and for 16 days after the treatment. Swedish Landrace boars aged 6 to 7 months were divided into three groups. Group 1 received levamisole 2.5 mg/kg/body mass/day intramuscularly over 3 days and ACTH 10 μg/kg/body mass/day intravenously for 3 days. Group 2 received ACTH 10 μg/kg/body mass/day intravenously for the next 3 days and group 3 received saline intramuscularly for 6 days (control group). Cortisol concentration was increased in both ACTH treated groups during all three days of administration and the day after the last ACTH treatment. A significantly increase in total leukocyte count and a decrease in lymphocyte percentages was recorded during ACTH treatment. Use of levamisole before stress induction caused an increase in total leukocyte count in the 16 day period after cessation of ACTH treatment and also a lymphocyte increase in stressed animals on the first day of ACTH injection. Pigs that received levamisol and ACTH did not show eosinophilia in contrast to pigs that received ACTH only. In both groups of stressed animals, an elevated percentage of neutrophilic granulocytes was recorded on days 2 and 3 of ACTH treatment. However, administration of levamisole led to faster normalization of neutrophils and prevented neutropenia one week after termination of stress. According to the data presented, levamisole can influence pig immunity during and after stress induction by ACTH administration.Istraživanje utjecaja levamizola na promjene u perifernoj krvi i koncentraciju kortizola provedeno je u svinja u stresu izazvanom davanjem adrenokortikotropnog hormona (ACTH). Pokus je proveden na nerastima švedskoga landrasa, u dobi 6 do 7 mjeseci, podijeljenih u tri skupine. Svinje u prvoj skupini dobivale su levamizol (2,5 mg/kg/tj. mase/dan, i.m.) tijekom tri dana i ACTH (10 μg/kg/tj. mase/dan, i.v.) tijekom 3 dana, a u drugoj skupini ACTH (10 μg/kg/tj. mase/dan, i.v.) također tijekom slijedeća 3 dana. Treća skupina bila je kontrola koja je dobivala fiziološku otopinu i.m. 6 dana. U pokusu je praćen broj leukocita, diferencijalna krvna slika, broj eritrocita, koncentracije hemoglobina i kortizola. Tijekom trodnevnog davanja ACTH kao i dan nakon zadnje primjene u obje pokusne skupine zabilježeno je povećanje kortizola u serumu. Istovremeno je primjena ACTH izazvala značajno povećanje ukupnog broja leukocita, ali i smanjenje broja limfocita. Primjenom levamizola prije izazivanja stresa izazvalo se povećanje ukupnoga broja leukocita 16 dana nakon prestanka davanja ACTH. U obje pokusne skupine svinja utvrđeno je povećanje broja neutrofila drugi i treći dan primjene ACTH. Međutim, davanje levamizola prije izazivanja stresa dovelo je do brže uspostave fiziološkoga udjela neutrofi la. U svinja koje su dobile i levamizol i ACTH nije došlo do porasta udjela eozinofila kao što je to zabilježeno u skupini koja je dobila samo ACTH. S obzirom na dobivene rezultate istraživanja može se pretpostaviti da primjena levamizola može posredno utjecati na imunosni odgovor u svinja tijekom i nakon stresa potaknutog s ACTH

SUNFLOWER BREEDING AND SEED PRODUCTION IN THE AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE OSIJEK

Oplemenjivački rad na suncokretu u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek započeo je prije 30-ak godina. Tada je počeo proces stvaranja inbred linija pretežito iz visokouljnih ruskih sorti suncokreta koje su se tada uzgajale u Hrvatskoj. Prije 25 godina u oplemenjivačkom radu počeli smo koristiti izvore citoplazmatske muške sterilnosti (cms) ,te izvore restorer gena (rf) za obnavljanje fertilnosti u F₁ hibridnoj generaciji. Tijekom proteklog razdoblja stvoreno je mnogo samooplodnih linija dobrih općih i specifičnih kombinatornih sposobnosti (OKS i SKS). Oplemenjivanje suncokreta, kao i ostalih ratarskih kultura, najučinkovitiji je i za okoliš najprihvatljiviji način za povećanje količine i kakvoće hrane. Glavni cilj našeg rada je stvaranje novih, superiornih, hibrida visokog uroda zrna (iznad 5 t/ha), sadržaja ulja (iznad 50%), te visokog i stabilnog uroda ulja (iznad 2 t/ha). Za ostvarenje ovih ciljeva potrebno je stvoriti hibride niske do srednje visoke stabljike, povećati otpornost na polijeganje i sušu, te povećati žetveni indeks. Posebna pozornost posvećuje se stvaranju linija s naglašenom tolerantnošću prema dominantnim patogenima: Plasmopara halstedii, Alternaria helianthi, Macrophomina phaseolina, Phoma macdonaldi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum i Phomopsis helianthi. Osim toga, potrebno je stvoriti hibride kraće vegetacije (110-120 dana), s dužim trajanjem lisne površine (Leaf area duration - LAD). Rezultat dosadašnjeg rada je 12 priznatih hibrida suncokreta, koji su uvelike doprinjeli povećanju proizvodnje suncokreta u Republici Hrvatskoj.Također su dva hibrida suncokreta Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek priznata u Republici Slovačkoj. Kvalitetno sjemenarstvo suncokreta najznačajniji je proces u održavanju genetske čistoće linija i hibrida. U Hrvatskoj se sve češće susrećemo s problemom pronalaženja odgovarajućih površina i potrebne prostorne izolacije. Budući da nova generacija naših hibrida suncokreta ima visok sadržaj ulja, posebna pozornost mora se posvetiti pravovremenoj žetvi i brzoj dopremi sjemena u doradbene kapacitete.Sunflower breeding in the Agricultural Institute Osijek started 30 years ago. At that time began a process of creation inbred lines from high oil Russian sunflower varieties that were grown then in Croatia. In breeding work, we began with usage sources of cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) and restorer genes (rf) for fertility restoring in F₁ hybrid generation 25 years ago. During last period, a plenty of inbred lines with good general and specific combining abilities (GCA and SCA) have created. Sunflower breeding as well as breeding of other field crops is the most efficient and environmentally the most accepted way for increasing food quantity and quality. Main goal of our work is creation of new superior hybrids with high grain yield (over 5 t/ha), oil content (over 50%), and high and stable oil yield (over 2 t/ha). For realization of these goals, it is needed to create hybrids with short to middle high stalk, increase resistance to logging and drought, and increase harvesting index. Special attention is devoted to creation inbred lines with emphasized tolerance to dominant pathogens: Plasmopara halstedii, Alternaria helianthi, Macrophomina phaseolina, Phoma macdonaldi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phomopsis helianthi. Furthermore, it is necessary to create hybrids of shorter vegetation (120- 125 days), with longer duration of leaf area (Leaf area duration - LAD). Result of hereunto work is 12 approved sunflower hybrids that have given a large contribution to increasing sunflower production in Republic of Croatia. Also, in Republic of Slovakia have approved two sunflower hybrids of the Agricultural Institute Osijek. Sunflower qualitative seed production is the most important process in maintenance of genetic purity of lines and hybrids. In Croatia, we often meet a problem of finding appropriate areas and required space isolation. Due to high oil content of our new sunflower hybrids generation, a special attention have to be given to on time harvesting and fast delivery of seed to processing facilities

Breeding of sunflower quantitative traits in function of increasing grain and oil yield

U oplemenjivanju suncokreta krajnji cilj je stvoriti hibride visokog uroda zrna i ulja. Budući da su ovo vrlo kompleksna svojstva, veće ili manje heritabilnosti, važno je raditi na poboljšanju onih biomorfoloških svojstava koja na direktan ili indirektan način utječu na ekspresiju ovih svojstava. Na ova svojstva veliki utjecaj ima okolina, te je potrebno razlučiti genetske i negenetske parametre, poznavati heritabilnost kvantitativnih svojstava suncokreta i njihovu međusobnu povezanost. Provedena istraživanja na dvanaest OS hibrida suncokreta i osam svojstava ukazuju na statistički značajne razlike između hibrida u visini biljke, promjeru glave, broju zrna po glavi, urodu zrna, sadržaju ulja i urodu ulja. Većina hibrida imala je visok sadržaj ulja u zrnu (iznad 50%), visok urod zrna (iznad 3500 kg/ha), te visok urod ulja (iznad 1600 kg/ha). Urod zrna bio je u značajno pozitivnoj korelaciji s promjerom glave (r= 0,337*) i masom zrna po glavi (r= 0,351*), te visoko značajno pozitivnoj korelaciji s visinom biljke (r= 0,513**) i urodom ulja (r= 0,971**). Između uroda ulja, mase zrna po glavi i visine biljke utvrđena je slaba (r= 0,333*) do srednje jaka (r= 0,412*) značajna pozitivna korelacija. Path analizom je utvrđeno da je najveći direktan utjecaj na urod ulja imao urod zrna, zatim slijedi sadržaj ulja, a preostala svojstva su u neznatnoj mjeri utjecala na urod ulja.The ultimate goal of sunflower breeding is to create hybrids with high grain and oil yield. As these traits are very complex, with larger or lower heritability, it is very important to work on improving of bio-morphologic traits that on direct or indirect way have influence on expression of these traits. On these traits, a large influence has environment, and therefore is needed to resolve genetic and non-genetic parameters, to know heritability of sunflower quantitative traits and their interconnection. The investigations on the twelve OS sunflower hybrids and eight traits pointed on statistical significant differences among the hybrids for plant height, head diameter, grain number per head, grain yield, oil content and oil yield. Majority of the hybrids had high oil content in grain (over 50%), high grain yield (over 3500 kg/ha), and high oil yield (over 1600 kg/ha). Grain yield was in significant positive correlation with head diameter (r=0,337*) and grain mass per head (r=0,351*), as well as in highly significant positive correlation with plant height (r=0,513**) and oil yield (r=0,971**). Among oil yield, grain mass per head and plant height are found low (r=0,333*) to medium strong (r=0,412*) significant positive correlation. By path analysis is found that the largest direct influence on oil yield had grain yield, then oil content, and remain traits had slightly influence on oil yield

INFLUENCE OF SEED TREATMENT ON LABORATORY GERMINATION, FIELD EMERGENCE AND GRAIN YIELD OF SUNFLOWER

U radu su predstavljeni rezultati istraživanja tretmana sjemena suncokreta, obzirom na vrijeme od žetve do čišćenja i sušenja sjemena, te kemijskih tretmana sjemena. Svaki tretman je istražen u laboratoriju (energija klijanja i klijavost) i polju (poljsko nicanje i urod zrna). Statistički značajno (P=0,05) najveću energiju klijanja (91,4%) a laboratorijsku klijavost (94,2%) imao je uzorak U1 (u najkraćem vremenu očišćen i osušen). Od kemijskih tretmana, statistički značajno (P=0,05), najveću energiju klijanja (91,3%) kao i laboratorijsku klijavost (93,5%) imala je kombinacija Apron XL 350 ES, KSj (metalaksil 35%) + Vitavax 200 FF, SC (karboksin 20% + tiram 20%), u količini 300+250 ml/100 kg sjemena (kemijski tretman - T2). Za poljsko nicanje i urod zrna nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike niti između uzoraka sjemena niti kod kemijskih tretmana.In the paper are presented results of seed treatment investigation of sunflower, regarding a time from seed harvesting to cleaning and drying, and chemical seed treatments. Each treatment is examined in laboratory (seed vigor and germination) and field (field emergence and grain yield). Statistically significant (P=0,05), the highest seed vigor (91,4%) and laboratory germination (94,2%) had sample U1 (in shortest time cleaned and dried). From chemical treatments, statistically significant (P=0,05), the highest seed vigor (91,3%) as well as laboratory germination (93,5%) had combination Apron XL 350 ES, KSj (metalaxyl 35%) + Vitavax 200 FF, SC (carboxin 20% + thiram 20%), in dose 300+250 ml/100 kg of seed (chemical treatment - T2). For field emergence and grain yield have not found statistically significant differences neither between samples nor between chemical treatments

COMPOSITION AND CORRELATION AMONG THE FATTY ACIDS IN SUNFLOWER SEED OIL OF VARIOUS INBRED LINES

Za određivanje sastava masnih kiselina u plodu suncokreta upotrebljene su 44 muško-fertilne linije suncokreta u različitim stupnjevima samooplodnje, stvorene na poljoprivrednom institutu u Osijeku. Masne kiseline određene na plinskom kromatografu tvrtke Perkin-Elmer primjenom metode unutrašnje normalizacije površina. Na temelju dobivenih podataka izračunate su aritmetičke sredine, mjere dispezije, koeficijenti linearne korelacije i koeficijent determinacije. Cilj je rada bio prikazati oblik međusobne ovisnosti udjela oleinske palmitinske, stearinske i linolne kiseline. Intenzitet korelacije je određen prema Roemer-Orphalovoj klasifikaciji. Linearne regresila je pokazala negativnu i srednju korelaciju između palmitinske i oleinske kiseline (r=-0.43). Veza između oleinske i linolne kiseline bila je negativna i potpuna (r=-0.97). Pozitivna i slaba veza ustanovljena je između stearinske i oleinske kiseline (r=0.30). Prema izračunatom koeficijentu determinacije (R²=0.99) samo je 1% od zbroja ukupnih odstupanja nedefinirano vezom između ispitivanih varijabli.For determination of the composition nof fatty acids of sunflower seed oil were used 44 mare-fertile sunflower lines in various degrees of inbreding, being the creations of the Osijek Agricultural Institute. Fatty acids were determined by Perkin-Elmer gas chromatography and the gas method of internal normalization of surfaces. The obtained data were used to calculate the aritmetic means, values of dispersion, coefficients of linear correlation and coefficient of determination. The objective of this research was to demonstrate the form of interactions among the ratios i.e., correlation of the oleic, parmitic, stearic and linoleic acids. The correlation intensity was determined according to the Roemer-Orphal classification. Linear regressions showed negative and mean correlation between the parmitic and oleic acid (r=-0.43). The correlation between the oleic and linoleic acid was negative and complete (r=-0.97). The positive and weak correlation was established between the stearic and oleic acid (r=0.30). According to the coefficient of determination (R²=0.99) only 1% of the sum of the total deviations remained undefined by the correlation of the variables tested

DESICCATION IN ORDINARY AND STUBBLE SOWING OF SUNFLOWER

Sa svrhom utvrđivanja učinka desikacije na vlagu i urod sjemena te nečistoće, sadržaj ulja i cijenu suncokreta, u redovnoj i postrnoj sjetvi (poslije kamilice i ozimoga ječma), 2008. i 2009. godine postavljeni su poljski pokusi na površinama poduzeća Bioagrar d.o.o. Ivanovci (Valpovo). U redovnoj sjetvi 2008. i 2009. godine, u pokusima je bilo 6 hibrida suncokreta: LG 53.80M (2008.), LG 54.12 (2009.), Brio, LG 56.65M, Apolon, Šokac i OS-H-13, dok je u postrnoj sjetvi 2008. posijan hibrid LG 53.80M, a 2009. hibrid LG 54.12. Kao desikanti korišteni su Reglone forte [diquat] (3 l/ha) i Harvade 25F [dimethipin] (2 l/ha), uz utrošak vode od 500 l/ha. Desikacija je obavljena vučenom traktorskom prskalicom radnoga zahvata 18 m. U ovim istraživanjima, desikacija je bila vrlo korisna agrotehnička mjera, koja je značajno ubrzala dozrijevanje suncokreta, osobito u postrnoj sjetvi, i smanjila prisustvo korova, čime je omogućena ranija, lakša i brža žetva te ranija priprema polja za sjetvu sljedećeg usjeva. S obzirom na cijene suncokreta, desikacija je isplativa u vremenski vlažnim godinama.Aiming to determine desiccation impact on seed moisture and yield, impurity, oil content and sunflower price, in ordinary and stubble sowing (after chamomile and winter barley) field trials were set up on the areas of Bioagrar Ltd. company Ivanovci (Valpovo ) in 2008 and 2009. Six sunflower hybrids: LG 53.80M (2008), LG 54.12 (2009), Brio, LG 56.65M, Apolon, Šokac and OS-H-13 were used in the trials in ordinary sowing of 2008 and 2009 while in stubble sowing of 2008 hybrid LG 53.80M was sown, and in 2009 hybrid LG 54.12. Reglone forte [diquat] (3 l/ha) and Harvade 25F [dimethipin] (2 l/ha) were used as desiccants applying 500 l water / ha. Desiccation was done by pulled tractor sprayer of 18 m working width. In these researches, desiccation was very useful agro-technical measure which considerably accelerated sunflower maturation, especially in a stubble sowing, and reduced presence of weeds. This, in turn, enabled earlier, easier and faster harvesting, and earlier field preparation for the next crop sowing. Regarding sunflower prices, desiccation is profitable in wet weather years

Influence of seed treatment on oil content of sunflower seed

Zrno suncokreta specifičnih je svojstava s obzirom na genotip, proces dorade sjemena, tretman i skladištenje a uslijed toga često dolazi do promjene kemijskog sastava zrna. Ovim istraživanjem utvrđena je promjena kemijskog sastava zrna (sadžaj ulja, %/ST) opadanje energije klijanja i klijavosti sjemena suncokreta, a ispitivanje je obavljeno na netretiranom (kontrola) i tretiranom sjemenu (T1 : Apron 35 DS + Geocid ST-35 i T2 : Apron 35 DS + Chinok 600FS). Analizirano je sjeme dva hibrida suncokreta Poljoprivrednog Instituta Osijek (Fakir, Apolon) nakon uskladištenja od 12 mjeseci. Sadržaj ulja u zrnu izmjeren je spektroskopskom metodom nuklearne magnetne rezonancije (NMR). Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da sjeme hibrida Fakir ima manji sadržaj ulja (47,16%) od sjemena hibrida Apolon (51,37%). Nakon skladištenja naturalno sjeme imalo je veći sadržaj ulja od tretiranog sjemena (od 3,11 do 6,05%). Tretiranjem sjemena pripravkom Apron + Geocid sadržaj ulja oba hibrida suncokreta je umanjen od 6,07 do 7,01%. Dobivene razlike u smanjenju sadržaja ulja u sjemenu tijekom skladištenja prema F-testu su statistički vrlo značajne ovisno o hibridu, tretmanu i ambalaži.Sunflower seed have specific characteristic considering of seed processing, storage and seed treatment. During the storage time of seed supply, seed quality is often reduced. Significant influence on reduction of seed quality have: hybrid, storage time and condition, the way of packing seed and seed treatment. This research analyse decreasing of chemical composition of sunflower seed on untreated (control) and wet treated seed (T1: Apron 35 DS + Geocid ST-35 i T2: Apron 35 DS+Chinok600FS) on hybrids of sunflower created on Agricultural institute Osijek (Fakir, Apolon) during the 12 months of storage. Content of total oil was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy method. Sunflower seed of Fakir hybrid was, at the initial storage, characterized by 47,165% of oil content whereas sunflower seed of Apolon hybrid was known for 51,37% of oil content. Twelve months later oil content of treated sunflower seed was lower for 3,11-6,05%. Lower oil decrease was noticed in PVC package and higher in the paper one. Seed treatment with the agent Apron + Geocid reduced oil of both hybrids for 6,07-7,01%

Foliar application og fungicides in soybean

Tijekom tri godine na polju Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek istražena je učinkovitost folijarne primjene fungicida u suzbijanju mikoza soje u usporedbi s netretiranom kontrolom. Pokus je postavljen po blok metodi u četiri ponavljanja, a obuhvaćao je šest genotipova soje Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek (0-I grupa zriobe) i sedam tretmana (jednokratno u fenofazi R3 do R4 soje). Tehnologija proizvodnje soje bila je optimalna. Neposredno pred žetvu obavljeno je ocjenjivanje nazočnosti i intenziteta uzročnika bolesti, a poslije žetve uzeti su uzorci sjemena za određivanje zdravstvenog stanja u laboratoriju. Dominantni paraziti na polju bili su predstavnici Diaporthe/Phomopsis kompleksa, a na sjemenu Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Rhyzopus spp., Aspergillus spp. i Peronospora manshurica. Nakon žetve, urod zrna s parcele je preračunat u kg/ha. Podaci su sistematizirani i statistički obrađeni. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike za godinu, genotip i tretman, te interakciju godina x genotip, godina x tretman, genotip x tretman, dok za interakciju godina x tretman x genotip razlike nisu utvrđene. Najrodniji genotipovi bili su genotip 3 (4646 kg/ha 1999., 3820 kg/ha 2000. i ukupno 4492 kg/ha) i genotip 6 (5046 kg/ha 2001. godine). Postojale su značajne i vrlo značajne razlike svake godine između kontrole i tretmana, kao i između pojedinih tretmana. Podaci obrađeni za sve godine zajedno ukazuju na značajne i vrlo značajne razlike samo između kontrole i tretmana, dok između tretmana razlike nisu utvrđene. Najzdravije biljke bile su u tretmanu s Impact-C, najzdravije sjeme s Merpan + Bavistin i najviši urod zrna s Polyram + Bavistin. Najzdraviji genotip u polju i najzdravije sjeme imao je genotip 3. Primijećeno je da pojedini genotipovi preferiraju određene tretmane. Sjeme nekih genotipova nije bilo zaraženo s pojedinim uzročnicima bolesti. Mišljenja smo da bi u iznimnim uvjetima ipak bilo korisno tretirati barem sjemenski usjev soje, o čemu odluku treba donijeti stručnjak na osnovi dobrog poznavanja cjelokupne problematike.During three years on field of The Agricultural Institute Osijek foliary applied fungicides in control of soybean micosis in comparison with untreated control were investigated. Trial was set as block method in four replicates included six soybean genotypes creation of The Agricultural Institute Osijek (0-I maturity group) and seven treatment (occuring once in R3 to R4 stage of development). Optimal agricultural management was carried out. Just before harvest, presence and intensity of disease evaluation was carried out. After harvest, seed sample were taken for health condition evaluation in laboratory. Predominant parasites in the filed were fungi from Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex, and on seed Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Rhyzopus spp., Aspergillus spp. and Peronospora manshurica. After harvest, grain yield from small plot was calculated in kg/ha. Data were sistematized and statisticaly processed. Statisticaly significant differences were established for year, genotype and treatment as well as for interaction year x genotype, year x treatment and genotype x treatment. For interaction genotype x treatment x year statistical differences were not established. The most yielded genotypes were genotype 3 (4646 kg/ha 1999, 3820 kg/ha 2000 and in total 4492 kg/ha) and genotype 6 (5046 kg/ha on year 2001). Each year significant and highly significant differences were recorded between control and treatment, as well as between different treatments. Summarized data for all years shows on significant and highly significant differences only between control and treatment while between treatment differences were not established. The healthiest plants were in treatment with Impact-C, the healthiest seed with Merpan + Bavistin and the highest grain yield with Polyram + Bavistin. The healthiest genotype in field and the healthiest seed had genotype 3. It was observed that some genotypes prefered definite treatments. Seed of some genotypes was not diseased with casual agents of some diseases. Our opinion is that in exceptional conditions would be usful to apply fungicides at least on soybean fields for seed production. Decision of treatment shoud be meade by an expert on the basis of good knowledge of total problems