Relationship between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and jealousy in men and women

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati povezanost između 2D:4D omjera i ljubomore kod muškaraca i žena. 2D:4D omjer odnosi se na omjer dužine kažiprsta (2D) i prstenjaka (4D), te se smatra kako ova fenotipska karakteristika predstavlja odnos između prenatalne izloženosti androgenima i spolno dimorfnih ponašanja. Jedna od spolno dimorfnih reakcija jest ljubomora koja se može definirati kao pobuđeno stanje izazvano percipiranom prijetnjom čiji je cilj zaštita, održavanje i produljivanje veze s partnerom, te otklanjanje prijetnje. Naime, istraživanja su pokazala kako muškarci iskazuju više seksualne, a žene više emocionalne ljubomore, što čini ovaj konstrukt potencijalnim korelatom 2D:4D omjera. Poznavanjem veze između 2D:4D omjera i ljubomore mogu se pobliže upoznati biološki mehanizmi u osnovi međuspolnih i unutarspolnih razlika u ljubomori. U ovom su istraživanju sudjelovali studenti Sveučilišta u Zadru (N=100) u dobi od 18 do 28 godina. Opći podatci prikupljeni su upitnikom sastavljenim u svrhu ovog istraživanja. Mjerenje 2D:4D omjera obavljalo se digitalnom pomičnom mjerkom, a ispitivanje ljubomore izvršeno je scenarijima seksualne i emocionalne nevjere. Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali kako je 2D:4D omjer lijeve ruke značajno niži kod muškaraca, dok za 2D:4D omjer desne ruke ne postoji razlika između muškaraca i žena. Nadalje, ne postoji razlika u seksualnoj ljubomori između muškaraca i žena. Međutim, žene su značajno više emocionalno ljubomorne nego muškarci. Što se tiče razlika u iskazanoj seksualnoj i emocionalnoj ljubomori unutar spolova, nije pronađena značajna razlika. Naposljetku, u ovom istraživanju nisu utvrđene povezanosti 2D:4D omjera i ljubomore kod muškaraca i žena.The goal of this research was to examine the relationship between 2D:4D ratio and jealousy in men and women. 2D:4D ratio represents the ratio of index finger length and ring finger length. It is believed that this phenotypical characteristic represents prenatal androgen exposure and correlates with sexually dimorphic behaviours. One of sexually dimorphic reactions is jealousy which can be defined as arousal, caused by a perceived threat, that serves for protection, maintenance and extension of one's relationship with a partner, as well as countering the threat. Research has shown that men experience more sexual jealousy and women experience more emotional jealousy, which makes this construct a potential correlate of 2D:4D. Knowing the relationship between 2D:4D and jealousy can be helpful in understanding biological mechanisms that are at the core of between-sex and within-sex differences in jealousy. Students from University of Zadar (N=100), aged 18 to 28, took part in this study. General information was collected with a questionnaire made specifically for this study. The digit ratio was measured with a digital caliper, and jealousy was tested with scenarios of sexual and emotional jealousy. Results show that the 2D:4D ratio of men's left hand is significantly lower than the 2D:4D ratio of left hands in women. Furthermore, there is no sex difference in the 2D:4D ratio of participants' right hand. No differences were found between sexual jealousy between sexes. However, the results show that women are more emotionally jealous than man. There was no significant difference between sexual and emotional jealousy within sexes. Lastly, the relationships between 2D:4D digit ratio and jealousy in men and women were not significant in this study

Shoot and root regeneration from callus tissue of Allium commutatum Guss.

Callus tissue was induced on root tips of in vitro cultured seedlings of Allium commutatum Guss. on MS medium supplemented with 3 % sucrose, 0.8 % agar, 4.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.6 μM kinetin. Pieces of developed calli were transferred to MS medium with different concentrations of 2,4-D (0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 μM) and kinetin (0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 μM) or without them. After five weeks of cultivation, callus proliferation and differentiation as well as adventitious shoot and root regeneration were analysed. The best callus proliferation and adventitious root induction were achieved on MS medium containing 0.1 and 0.5 μM kinetin; addition of 2,4-D had no significant influence. Higher concentrations of kinetin also favoured higher incidence of meristemoids. Adventitious shoot development was noticed only on three media tested

Shoot and root regeneration from callus tissue of Allium commutatum Guss.

Callus tissue was induced on root tips of in vitro cultured seedlings of Allium commutatum Guss. on MS medium supplemented with 3 % sucrose, 0.8 % agar, 4.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.6 μM kinetin. Pieces of developed calli were transferred to MS medium with different concentrations of 2,4-D (0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 μM) and kinetin (0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 μM) or without them. After five weeks of cultivation, callus proliferation and differentiation as well as adventitious shoot and root regeneration were analysed. The best callus proliferation and adventitious root induction were achieved on MS medium containing 0.1 and 0.5 μM kinetin; addition of 2,4-D had no significant influence. Higher concentrations of kinetin also favoured higher incidence of meristemoids. Adventitious shoot development was noticed only on three media tested

COMPOSITION OF LANDFILL GAS ON PRUDINEC/JAKUŠEVEC LANDFILL

Nagli razvoj urbanizacije i industrijalizacije utjecao je na povećanje problema sakupljanja i odlaganja čvrstog otpada. Neadekvatno rješavanje tog problema može negativno utjecati na zdravlje ljudi i kvalitetu čovjekova okoliša. Na velikim odlagalištima komunalnog otpada stvaraju se znatne količine odlagališnog plina što može imati potencijalno velik utjecaj na kakvoću zraka posebno ako se otpad odlaže na neadekvatan način. U okviru ovog rada provedena je analiza sastava odlagališnog plina na ulazu u postrojenje za obradu odlagališnih plinova na odlagalištu otpada Prudinec/Jakuševec u Zagrebu, za razdoblje od 2008. do 2011. godine. S obzirom na sanaciju smetlišta Prudinec/Jakuševec i njegovu transformaciju u uređeno odlagalište otpada I. kategorije, a sve u skladu s hrvatskim propisima i normama Europske unije, napravljen je veliki korak u zaštiti okoliša te otvorena mogućnost energetskog iskorištavanja nastalog odlagališnog plina.The rapid urban and industrial development has influenced the accumulation of problems in the sector of solid waste collecting and disposal. Non-efficient solving of this problem could negatively impact human health and quality of the environment. On the big municipal waste landfills the large amounts of landfill gas has been produced and can have potentially significant impact on air quality especially if the waste is disposed on non-adequate way. Within this work, the analysis of the landfill gas composition on the Prudinec/Jakuševec landfill in Zagreb, in the period from 2008. up to 2011. has been performed. Due to sanitation imrovement of Prudinec/Jakuševec landfill and its transformation in arranged waste landifll of the I. category in accordance with Croatian law and Europien Union standars, a large step in environmental protection was made and the possibility of the use of formed landfill gas as a source of energy has founded

COMORBIDITIES IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN CROATIA

Background: Comorbidities in multiple sclerosis (MS) have a big role in management of this chronic demyelinating neurodegenerative disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate comorbidities in patients with MS in Croatia. Subjects and methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study carried out in an out-patient setting at a tertiary healthcare centre over 10 months, which included 101 consecutive patients with MS (mean age 42.09 (range 19-77) years, 75 female, 26 male, EDSS score 3.1 (range 0.0- -42) years. Thirty-six patients were treated with disease modifying therapies (DMTs). Information on comorbidities was obtained during the medical interview. Data was analysed using software package IBM Corp. Released 2015. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Results: 33% (n=34) patients did not have any comorbidities, and there is an equal number of patients (n=34, 33%) that just had one comorbidity. 17.6% (n=18) of patients had two comorbidities, and 15.7% (n=16) three or more comorbidities. The most frequent comorbidity was depression found in 25 (24.75%) patients (19 (18.8%) women, 6 (5.9%) men), followed by the hypertension in 12.87% (n=13). Hyperlipidemia and migraine were each found in 6.93% (n=7), and hypothyreosis and arrhythmia each in 3.96% (n=4). The number of the comorbidities was found to significantly increase with the duration of MS (r=0.232, p=0.037). Women were found to have significantly bigger numbers of comorbidities than men (t=-2.59, df=74, p<0.05). Older patients with MS were found to have significantly more comorbidities (r=0.335, p<0.01). Conclusions: This study gives insight into the presence of comorbidities in Croatian patients with MS. Connection with comorbidities must be considered when managing patients with MS. Any other comorbidity in MS may also affect the condition of the patient in general, and also their quality of life, and requires a tailored approach in management