Breathing difficulties in children

Cilj ovog članka jest dati uvid u definiciju, uzroke, patofiziologiju, etiologiju, procjenu i liječenje akutnoga respiratornog zatajenja u djece. Bolesti dišnog sustava jedan su od najčešćih razloga zbog kojih djeca trebaju medicinsku pomoć. Zatajenje disanja definira se nesposobnošću fizioloških kompenzacijskih mehanizama da osiguraju dostatnu oksigenaciju i uklanjanje ugljikova dioksida, dok su među uzrocima zatajenja disanja najčešće bolesti plućnog parenhima, opstrukcija dišnih putova i neuromuskularna disfunkcija. Prestanak disanja u djece najčešće prethodi prestanku rada srca, stoga je neobično važno na vrijeme prepoznati znakove početnog zatajenja disanja i brzinu njegova pogoršanja uz istodobnu primjenu postupaka liječenja. U posljednje vrijeme značajan uspjeh u liječenju postiže se neinvazivnom ventilacijom.The aim of this article is to provide insight into the definition, causes, pathophysiology, etiology, assessment and treatment of acute respiratory failure in children. Diseases of the respiratory system are one of the most common reasons why children need medical assistance. It is defined by incapacity of physiological compensatory mechanisms to ensure sufficient oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. The most common causes of respiratory failure are diseases of the lung parenchyma, airway obstruction and neuromuscular dysfunction. The cessation of breathing in children usually precedes the cessation of the heart, therefore it is extremely important to recognize the signs of initial respiratory failure and the speed of its deterioration with the simultaneous application of treatment procedures. Recently, significant success in treatment has been achieved with non-invasive ventilation

Priča iz života sokolova

Slikovnica ‘Priča iz života sokolova’ rezultat je istoimenog projekta koji se provodio u Dječjem vrtiću Konavle. Želja za razvijanjem zajedništva djece rezultirala je provedbom niza aktivnosti povezanih s njegovanjem izvornih vrijednosti

INHIBITION OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY CORROSION IN CHLORIDE SOLUTION BY CAFFEINE ISOLATED FROM BLACK TEA

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) was isolated from black tea and characterised using different physical methods. The corrosion inhibition performance of the caffeine isolate (in concentration from 110-5 to 110-3 mol/dm3) on aluminium alloy corrosion in neutral 0.5 mol/dm3 NaCl solution was investigated using potentiodynamic and linear polarization measurements at 20 C. Corrosion potential, corrosion current and polarization resistance were determined and surface coverage of inhibitor molecules and inhibition efficiency were calculated. The obtained results show that caffeine effectively inhibited the corrosion reaction in the chloride solution with an inhibition efficiency of up to 76%. Furthermore, caffeine was found to function essentially as a mixed type with a higher influence on cathodic reaction. The adsorption behaviour of investigated inhibitor can be described by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The adsorption free energy closes to -10 kJ/mol indicates physical adsorption of the caffeine on the aluminium alloy surface in NaCl solution

COVID-19 and Behavioral Factors of e-Payment Use: Evidence from Serbia

Banknotes and coins are some of the most frequently traded items in the world. Their current use, however, is unsustainable, and many countries are trying to digitalize their payment systems. The recent pandemic has accelerated this transition. Building on the Theory of Unintended Consequences, the aim of this article is to examine the influence of some pandemic-specific factors (in specific, hand sanitization, conspiracy theory mentality, and financial acumen) on the current and prospective use of e-payment. A particular aim of the study is to analyze these relationships in Serbia (as an example of a cash-centric society). The study is based on primary data gathered via a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed for the purpose of this study. In total, the study examined N = 474 examinees. The results of this study confirm that the pandemic-induced variables are statistically significant predictors of e-payment use. In particular, hand sanitization, conspiracy mentality (reversely), and financial acumen positively affect current and prospective e-payment use

Knowledge of and recommendations for infant safe sleeping among primary health care paediatricians in Split-Dalmatia, Dubrovnik-Neretva and Bjelovar-Bilogora Counties

Cilj: Istražiti poznavanje rizičnih čimbenika za sindrom iznenadne dojenačke smrti od pedijatara primarne zdravstvene zaštite uSplitsko-dalmatinskoj, Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj i Bjelovarsko-bilogorskoj županiji.Ispitanici i metode: Presječnim istraživanjem obuhvaćeni su PPZZ-i u SDŽ-u, DNŽ-u i BBŽ-u u razdoblju od veljače do rujna 2018.godine. Pedijatrima je dostavljen upitnik sa 18 pitanja koja se odnose na mišljenja o spavanju i dojenju, savjete što ih daju roditeljimasvojih bolesnika te znanje o SIDS-u.Rezultati: Analizirano je 29 anketa, a većina ispitanika je starija od 55 godina. Većina pedijatara (72%) tvrdi da rutinski razgovara sroditeljima svojih bolesnika o sigurnom spavanju. Pritom svi ispitani PPZZ-i savjetuju roditeljima da dojenčad stave spavati u kolijevkuu sobi s njima. Njih 72% preporuča položaj na leđima, a ostali na boku. Više od pola (52%) ispitanika ne smatra da pušenje oca iliizloženost duhanskom dimu majke u trudnoći povećava rizik od SIDS-a, a 38% ih ne smatra ni da majčino pušenje povećava rizik.Većina (76%) PPZZ-a ne zna da hranjenje formulom značajno povećava rizik od SIDS-a. Polovina ispravno smatra da je zajedničkospavanje povezano s duljim trajanjem dojenja.Zaključak: Nedostatno je znanje PPZZ-a o rizičnim čimbenicima za SIDS. S obzirom na to da većina pedijatara rutinski razgovara sroditeljima dojenčadi o sigurnom spavanju, bitno je da budu upoznati s najnovijim preporukama.Aim: To assess the knowledge about risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) among primary health care paediatricians (PHCP) in the Split-Dalmatia County (SDC), Dubrovnik-Neretva County (DNC) and Bjelovar-Bilogora County (BBC). Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from February to September 2018 and included PHCPs from SDC, DNC and BBC. Paediatricians were sent a questionnaire with 18 questions on their attitudes about sleep and breastfeeding communicated to parents of their patients, and on their knowledge about SIDS. Results: The analysis included 29 questionnaires received from PHCPs, most of them aged >55. The majority of paediatricians (72%) reported they routinely talked to parents of their patients about safe sleeping. All PHCPs advised parents to put infants to sleep in a cradle in their bedroom; 72% of PHCPs advised putting infants to sleep on his/her back and the rest advised to do it on his/her side. More than half (52%) of PHCPs considered that the risk of SIDS was not increased by father’s smoking habit or exposure to maternal tobacco smoke in pregnancy, and 38% believed that neither mother’s smoking habit increased that risk. The majority (76%) of PHCPs did not know that formula feeding significantly increased the risk of SIDS. Half of the study paediatricians correctly considered mother-infant bed-sharing to be associated with longer breastfeeding. Conclusion: Study results revealed the knowledge of PHCPs about risk factors for SIDS to be inadequate. As the majority of paediatricians regularly talked to infant parents about safe sleeping, it is of utmost importance for them to be informed on the latest recommendations in the field

Zakonodavni okvir organizacije i provedbe humanitarne akcije

Nastupom izvanrednih društvenih, gospodarskih i elementarnih kriza u Republici Hrvatskoj, a koje uzrokuju veliki broj žrtava, došlo je do izraženije potrebe za pružanjem i prikupljanjem humanitarne pomoći. U skladu s nastalim potrebama zakonodavac je predvidio različite oblike prikupljanja i pružanja iste, poput organizacije i provedbe humanitarne akcije i stalnoga prikupljanja i pružanja humanitarne pomoći. Analizom odredbi Zakona o humanitarnom pomoći i njegovih podzakonskih akata prikazat će se stanje i regulacija predmetnoga pravnoga područja. Cilj ovoga rada je analizirati zakonsku ulogu regulacije humanitarnih aktivnosti te dati pregled zakonske regulative organizacije i provedbe humanitarne akcije u svrhu pružanja brze i učinkovite humanitarne pomoći

Prospektivno istraživanje prevencije kontrastne nefropatije u Republici Hrvatskoj

Aim: To explore the protective role of hydration, urine alkalization (Na bicarbonate) and high doses of antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine) in the prevention of CIN. Material and methods: In a prospective, randomized, single-blinded study patients were divided into three groups: 1) peroral hydration, 2) Na bicarbonate infusion and 3) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) plus NaHCO3 infusion. Serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were measured before and 48 hours after the angiography. Mehran score was calculated for each patient. Results: The study included 106 patients. Groups were comparable regarding the baseline characteristics. According to Mehran risk score 70 % of patients had a low risk, 24% medium and 6% high risk score for development of CIN. After the procedure renal function was preserved in all patients (SCr 103(87.0-121.5), BUN 5.8 (4.9-7.6), creatinine clearance 74.7(55.3-97.6), NGAL 11.4(5.4-19.9)) regardless of the Mehran risk score. The follow up was completed for 73 patients (68 %). Twenty two patients (32 %) developed chronic kidney disease, mostly classified as G3a and G3b according to KDIGO guidelines. Chronic kidney disease developed in patients with the positive history of diabetes and in patients who had higher Mehran score before the diagnostic procedure. Conclusion: The study showed that patients with preserved renal function are not prone to CIN. Regardless of the protocol used, no case of CIN was observed. Our results indicate that adequate hydration is a key component in maintaining the renal function. Higher Mehran score might be useful in predicting the development of chronic kidney disease.Cilj: Ispitati protektivnu ulogu hidracije, alkalizacije mokraće (natrijevim bikarbonatom) i visokih doza antioksidansa (N-acetilcistein) u prevenciji kontrastne nefropatije. Materijali i metode: U prospektivnom istraživanju pacijenti su bili podijeljeni u tri skupine: 1) peroralna hidracija, 2) infuzija natrijevog bikarbonata i 3) infuzija N-acetilcisteina (NAC) i NaHCO3. Serumska vrijednost kreatinina, ureje i neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) izmjerene su prije i 48 sati nakon angiografije. Svakom pacijentu izračunati su Mehran bodovi koji predstavljaju rizik razvoja kontrastne nefropatije. Rezultati: U istraživanje je uključeno 106 pacijenata. Sve tri skupine pacijenata imale su usporedive osnovne karakteristike. Prema bodovima po Mehranu, 70 % pacijenata imalo je niski rizik, 24 % srednji i 6 % visoki rizik razvoja kontrastne nefropatije. Nakon kontrastne pretrage bubrežna funkcija bila je očuvana u svih pacijenata (serumski kreatinin 103 (87.0 – 121.5), urea 5.8 (4.9 – 7.6), klirens kreatinina 74.7 (55.3 – 97.6), NGAL 11.4 (5.4 – 19.9)) neovisno o riziku procijenjenom bodovima po Mehranu. Praćenje je završeno za 73 pacijenta (68 %). Dvadeset i dva pacijenta (32 %) razvila su kroničnu bubrežnu insuficijenciju, klasificiranu prema KDIGO smjernicama kao G3a i G3b. Kronična bubrežna insuficijencija razvila se u pacijenata sa šećernom bolesti i u pacijenata koji su imali viši broj bodova prema Mehranu prije dijagnostičke pretrage. Zaključak: Istraživanje je pokazalo da pacijenti s normalnom bubrežnom funkcijom imaju mali rizik razvoja kontrastne nefropatije. U ispitivanoj skupini pacijenata nije zabilježen niti jedan slučaj kontrastne nefropatije bez obzira na vrstu protokola koji je korišten za hidraciju. Naši rezultati ukazuju na to da je adekvatna hidracija ključna u prevenciji kontrastne nefropatije. Nadalje, postoji mogućnost da viši broj bodova po Mehranu može poslužiti kao prediktor razvoja kronične bubrežne bolesti