Implication de PIM1 dans la réparation de l'ADN par la jonction d'extrémités non-homologues en hypertension artérielle pulmonaire

Introduction : L’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) est une maladie caractérisée par une augmentation des pressions pulmonaires menant à une défaillance cardiaque droite. Les cellules musculaires lisses des artères pulmonaires (CMLAP) sont exposées à un niveau de stress accru notamment dû à l’inflammation des tissus et du milieu pseudo-hypoxique. Malgré cet environnement hostile, elles arrivent à proliférer et à survivre. Toutefois, cela entraine une augmentation anormale du dommage à l’ADN. Il existe, cependant, un équilibre entre les dommages à l’ADN et les mécanismes de réparation. PIM1, une onco-protéine à l’activité kinase, est surexprimée en HTAP. Elle est impliquée dans plusieurs voies de signalisation cellulaire, telles la survie et la prolifération, mais la voie de réparation du dommage à l’ADN n’a jamais été explorée en HTAP. De plus, l’inhibiteur de PIM1, le SGI-1776, a été testé en essai clinique en cancer, ainsi l’évaluation de son efficacité pour les patients HTAP pourrait rapidement être mise en place. Objectifs : Évaluer le potentiel thérapeutique du SGI-1776 et élucider l’implication de PIM1 dans la réparation du dommage à l’ADN en HTAP. Méthodes/Résultats : Nous démontrons premièrement que les poumons de patients HTAP (n=10) ainsi que les CMLAP-HTAP (n=5) présentent une surexpression de PIM1. Sur ces mêmes tissus et lignées cellulaires, le précurseur de la reconnaissance des dommages à l’ADN (γH2AX) est également augmenté comparativement aux sujets sains. Ce précurseur est essentiel à l’initiation de la réparation à l’ADN et l’inhibition de PIM1 par SGI-1776 (1,3 et 5μM) diminue la capacité de la réponse au dommage à l’ADN via la voie de la jonction des extrémités non-homologues (NHEJ) : le traitement cause une diminution des facteurs du NHEJ comme Ku70, DNA-PKcs et γH2AX (n=4). Par essai comet, nous démontrons que les dommages sont toujours présents et que ceci diminue la prolifération (Ki67 n=3; p<0.05) et augmente l’apoptose (AnnexinV n=3; p<0.05). In vivo, le SGI-1776 diminue les pressions pulmonaires (n=30, 30±2mmHg vs 49±5mmHg) et diminue le remodelage des artères pulmonaires distales (H&E, 45% vs 65%), ce qui est principalement dû à la restauration de la balance entre la prolifération (Ki67 n=25; p<0.05) et l’apoptose (TUNEL n=25; p<0.05) des artères pulmonaires distales. Conclusion : Nous avons démontré pour la première fois l’implication de PIM1 dans la réparation du dommage à l’ADN en HTAP et que l’inhibition de son activité améliore in vitro et in vivo l’HTAP.RATIONALE: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease characterized by the narrowing of pulmonary arteries (PA) due to vascular remodeling. It is now established that this phenotype is associated with enhanced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) proliferation and suppressed apoptosis. This phenotype is sustained in part by the activation of several DNA repair pathways allowing PASMC to survive despite the environmental stresses seen in PAH. PIM1 is an oncoprotein upregulated in PAH and that has been implicated in many pro-survival pathways in cancer, including DNA repair. PIM1 inhibitors, like SGI-1776, are already in clinical trials in cancer and could thus be beneficial to PAH patients. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the implication of PIM1 in the DNA damage response and the beneficial effect of its inhibition by SGI-1776 in human PAH-PASMC and in rat preclinical model of PAH. METHODS/RESULTS: Using western blot we showed in both human PAH lungs (n=10) and PAH-PASMC (n=5) a significant upregulation of PIM1 compared to control donor (n=5). PIM1 upregulation in PAH was associated with a significant activation of DNA damage sensor (γH2AX), which is critical for DNA repair initiation. We showed that PIM1 inhibition using SGI-1776 (1,3, and 5μM) significantly impaired DNA repair capacity in PASMC (n=4) with a significant repression of Ku70, DNA-PKcs, and γH2AX and decreased ATM expression. We showed no diminution of DNA damage with SGI-1776 treatment (Comet Assay, n=3). As expected, the lack of DNA repair in SGI-1776 treated PAH-PASMC lead to a significant reduction in proliferation (Ki67 n=3; p<0.05) and resistance to apoptosis (AnnexinV assay n=3; p<0.05). In vivo, SGI-1776 10mg*kg-1 given 3 times a week, improves significantly (n=30; p<0.05) monocrotaline-induced PH (decreased RVSP, mean PA pressures and vascular remodeling). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated for the first time that PIM1 is implicated in DNA repair signaling in PAH-PASMC and that repressing its activity everses PAH both in vitro and in vivo

Cannabinoid Mixture Affects the Fate and Functions of B Cells through the Modulation of the Caspase and MAP Kinase Pathways

Cannabis use is continuously increasing in Canada, raising concerns about its potential impact on immunity. The current study assessed the impact of a cannabinoid mixture (CM) on B cells and the mechanisms by which the CM exerts its potential anti-inflammatory properties. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with different concentrations of the CM to evaluate cytotoxicity. In addition, flow cytometry was used to evaluate oxidative stress, antioxidant levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, caspase activation, and the activation of key signaling pathways (ERK1/2, NF-κB, STAT5, and p38). The number of IgM- and IgG-expressing cells was assessed using FluoroSpot, and the cytokine production profile of the B cells was explored using a cytokine array. Our results reveal that the CM induced B-cell cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, which was mediated by apoptosis. The levels of ROS and those of the activated caspases, mitochondrial membrane potential, and DNA damage increased following exposure to the CM (3 µg/mL). In addition, the activation of MAP Kinase, STATs, and the NF-κB pathway and the number of IgM- and IgG-expressing cells were reduced following exposure to the CM. Furthermore, the exposure to the CM significantly altered the cytokine profile of the B cells. Our results suggest that cannabinoids have a detrimental effect on B cells, inducing caspase-mediated apoptosis

HDAC6: A Novel Histone Deacetylase Implicated in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a vascular remodeling disease with limited therapeutic options. Although exposed to stressful conditions, pulmonary artery (PA) smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) exhibit a "cancer-like" pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic phenotype. HDAC6 is a cytoplasmic histone deacetylase regulating multiple pro-survival mechanisms and overexpressed in response to stress in cancer cells. Due to the similarities between cancer and PAH, we hypothesized that HDAC6 expression is increased in PAH-PASMCs to face stress allowing them to survive and proliferate, thus contributing to vascular remodeling in PAH. We found that HDAC6 is significantly up-regulated in lungs, distal PAs, and isolated PASMCs from PAH patients and animal models. Inhibition of HDAC6 reduced PAH-PASMC proliferation and resistance to apoptosis in vitro sparing control cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that HDAC6 maintains Ku70 in a hypoacetylated state, blocking the translocation of Bax to mitochondria and preventing apoptosis. In vivo, pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 improved established PAH in two experimental models and can be safely given in combination with currently approved PAH therapies. Moreover, Hdac6 deficient mice were partially protected against chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Our study shows for the first time that HDAC6 is implicated in PAH development and represents a new promising target to improve PAH

Inhibition of CHK 1 (Checkpoint Kinase 1) Elicits Therapeutic Effects in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

International audienc

Multicenter Preclinical Validation of BET Inhibition for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Rationale: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a degenerative arteriopathy that leads to right ventricular (RV) failure. BRD4 (bromodomain-containing protein 4), a member of the BET (bromodomain and extra-terminal motif) family, has been identified as a critical epigenetic driver for cardiovascular diseases. Objectives: To explore the therapeutic potential in PAH of RVX208, a clinically available BET inhibitor. Methods: Microvascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells isolated from distal pulmonary arteries of patients with PAH, rats with Sugen5416 + hypoxia- or monocrotaline + shunt-induced PAH, and rats with RV pressure overload induced by pulmonary artery banding were treated with RVX208 in three independent laboratories. Measurements and Main Results: BRD4 is upregulated in the remodeled pulmonary vasculature of patients with PAH, where it regulates FoxM1 and PLK1, proteins implicated in the DNA damage response. RVX208 normalized the hyperproliferative, apoptosis-resistant, and inflammatory phenotype of microvascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells isolated from patients with PAH. Oral treatment with RVX208 reversed vascular remodeling and improved pulmonary hemodynamics in two independent trials in Sugen5416 + hypoxia-PAH and in monocrotaline + shunt-PAH. RVX208 could be combined safely with contemporary PAH standard of care. RVX208 treatment also supported the pressure-loaded RV in pulmonary artery banding rats. Conclusions: RVX208, a clinically available BET inhibitor, modulates proproliferative, prosurvival, and proinflammatory pathways, potentially through interactions with FoxM1 and PLK1. This reversed the PAH phenotype in isolated PAH microvascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in vitro, and in diverse PAH rat models. RVX208 also supported the pressure-loaded RV in vivo. Together, these data support the establishment of a clinical trial with RVX208 in patients with PAH

Multicenter preclinical validation of BET inhibition for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Rationale: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a degenerative arteriopathy that leads to right ventricular (RV) failure. BRD4 (bromodomain-containing protein 4), a member of the BET (bromodomain and extra-terminal motif) family, has been identified as a critical epigenetic driver for cardiovascular diseases. Objectives: To explore the therapeutic potential inPAHof RVX208, a clinically available BET inhibitor. Methods: Microvascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells isolated fromdistal pulmonary arteries of patientswith PAH, rats with Sugen54161hypoxia- ormonocrotaline1shunt-induced PAH, and rats with RV pressure overload induced by pulmonary artery banding were treated with RVX208 in three independent laboratories. Measurements and Main Results: BRD4 is upregulated in the remodeled pulmonary vasculature of patients with PAH, where it regulates FoxM1 and PLK1, proteins implicated in the DNA damage response. RVX208 normalized the hyperproliferative, apoptosisresistant, and inflammatory phenotype of microvascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells isolated from patients with PAH. Oral treatment with RVX208 reversed vascular remodeling and improved pulmonary hemodynamics in two independent trials in Sugen54161hypoxia-PAH and in monocrotaline1shunt-PAH. RVX208 could be combined safely with contemporaryPAHstandard of care. RVX208 treatment also supported the pressure-loaded RV in pulmonary artery banding rats. Conclusions: RVX208, a clinically available BET inhibitor, modulates proproliferative, prosurvival, and proinflammatory pathways, potentially through interactions with FoxM1 and PLK1. This reversed the PAH phenotype in isolated PAH microvascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in vitro, and in diversePAH rat models. RVX208 also supported the pressure-loaded RV in vivo. Together, these data support the establishment of a clinical trial with RVX208 in patients with PAH

Dictionnaire des intellectuel.les au Québec

Qui connaît vraiment les intellectuel.les hors du cercle restreint des historiens et des littéraires ? Quelle mémoire avons-nous de celles et ceux qui, au Québec, eurent recours à la parole comme « mode d'action » ? Qui, comme Hubert Aquin, entreprirent et entreprennent encore de « comprendre dangereusement » la culture et la société de leur époque, remuant idées et images, bousculant pouvoirs et doxa ? Ce dictionnaire est conçu pour combler les lacunes d'une mémoire collective quelque peu défaillante, mais aussi pour donner envie de lire ou de relire les textes de ces femmes et hommes passionnés par les idées, qui ont contribué - et qui contribuent toujours - à bâtir la société québécoise. On y trouvera les noms de celles et ceux qui, depuis trois siècles, interviennent sur la place publique et soulèvent des questions d'intérêt civique et politique à propos d'enjeux collectifs importants ; de celles et ceux qui promeuvent ou incarnent la liberté de parole et la défendent contre différents pouvoirs et structures organisationnelles

Dictionnaire

ACTION FRANÇAISE (1917-1928) / ACTION NATIONALE (1933- ) Lancée une dizaine d’années après l’affaire Dreyfus, L’Action française (AF) de Montréal existe toujours sous le titre L’Action nationale (AN). C’est dire la place de la revue pour l’histoire des intellectuels, d’autant plus qu’au-delà de La Revue canadienne (1864-1922) et des journaux nationalistes du début du siècle – Le Nationaliste (1903) d’Olivar Asselin*, L’Action (1911-1916) de Jules Fournier*, Le Devoir (1910) d’Henri Bourassa* ..