Partial correlations from the stepwise multiple regression between the richness and density of plant-associated macroinvertebrates and the density of each taxonomic group with salinity and density of fish in that habitat (indicator of predation pressure).

<p>Significance levels as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0030877#pone-0030877-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>. Degrees of freedom of the regression and the error are 2 and 62, respectively.</p

Main limnological characteristics of the eight study lakes at the time of the experiment. TP, total phosphorus; TN, total nitrogen.

<p>Main limnological characteristics of the eight study lakes at the time of the experiment. TP, total phosphorus; TN, total nitrogen.</p

Densities of fish species in the lakes.

<p>Mean abundance (ind. m⁻²) and biomass in fresh weight (g m⁻²), with standard error (SE) of each fish species captured in the eight studied lakes and with indication of typical consumption of macroinvertebrate prey (⁺) and periphyton (*) as indicated in the literature <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0030877#pone.0030877-Monakov1" target="_blank">[32]</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0030877#pone.0030877-Vizzini1" target="_blank">[39]</a>.</p

Densities of plant-associated macroinvertebrates, free-swimming potentially predatory macroinvertebrates and fish, and taxon richness of plant-associated macroinvertebrates.

<p>The data are means (±1SE) of data collected at day and night-time in four lakes in the cold temperate region and four lakes in the Mediterranean region. Fish biomass in fresh weight.</p

Relative abundance of plant-associated macroinvertebrate taxa.

<p>Relative abundance of plant-associated macroinvertebrate taxa.</p

Density and richness of plant-associated macroinvertebrates, fish and large free-swimming potentially predatory macroinvertebrates and periphyton biomass in the Mediterranean and cold temperate region.

<p>Average (±SE) of density (ind. m⁻²) and richness of plant-associated macroinvertebrates (macroinv.), density of fish and large free-swimming potentially predatory macroinvertebrates (ind. m⁻²) and periphyton biomass (mg m⁻²) and <i>p</i>-values for the nested ANOVAs. Two-way nested ANOVA for density and richness of plant-associated macroinvertebrates and periphyton with factors ‘region’ (2 levels, cold temperate ‘T’ and Mediterranean ‘M’) and ‘lake’ (4 levels) nested inside region and three-way nested ANOVA for the density of fish and large free-swimming macroinvertebrate predators with ‘habitat’ (2 levels, open areas ‘O’ and submerged plants ‘S’) as an additional factor. The factor ‘lake’ nested inside region was significant for all variables (<i>p</i><0.01).</p

Densities of the different plant-associated macroinvertebrate taxa in the two regions.

<p>Mean density (ind. m⁻²) of the different plant-associated macroinvertebrate taxa and results of nested ANOVA (<i>F</i>-values) on the effects of ‘region’ (two levels, cold temperate and Mediterranean and ‘lake’ (four levels) nested inside ‘region’. Significance levels:</p>*<p><i>p</i><0.05,</p>**<p><i>p</i><0.01,</p>***<p><i>p</i><0.0001,</p><p>ns, non significant (p≥0.05).</p

Plant-associated macroinvertebrates along the salinity gradient.

<p>Plant-associated macroinvertebrates density in black and richness in red (±1SE).</p

Plant-associated and free-swimming macroinvertebrate species present in cold temperate and Mediterranean shallow lakes with indication of potentially predatory species (*).

<p>(P) macroinvertebrates sampled by removing the artificial plants and therefore considered plant-associated macroinvertebrates; (F) macroinvertebrates sampled by nets and therefore considered free-swimming macroinvertebrates; (P+F) macroinvertebrates sampled both by nets and removing the artificial plants and therefore considered both plant-associated and free-swimming macroinvertebrates. Note: only potentially predators were considered in the free-swimming macroinvertebrate community (see also methods for details). In brackets, number of species for each taxonomic group in each region.</p

KX024528-KX024565

DNA Sequence data used for species identification were submitted to GenBank® and deposited for Haileselasie et al. (2016) Colonization history and clonal richness of asexual Daphnia in periglacial habitats of contrasting age in West Greenland in Journal of Animal Ecology (doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12513). They are available from the NCBI PopSet database under accession number 1015802155, or in GenBank® under individual accession numbers KX024528-KX024565