Frecuencia del operón mer en plásmidos conjugativos presentes en Escherichia coli aislados de ambientes marinos de Lima y su relación con la resistencia a antimicrobianos clínicos

Investiga la resistencia bacteriana al ión mercurio (Hg2+) en 55 cepas de Escherichia coli aisladas de diferentes ambientes marinos de la costa limeña: Bahía de Pucusana, Bahía de Miraflores y Bahía del Callao (Lima-Perú). Se determinan los diferentes serogrupos de las cepas, utilizando sueros polivalentes EPEC, EIEC y EHEC; la resistencia al mercurio es evaluada realizando pruebas de MIC a cloruro de mercurio: 30, 50, 80, 100, 200, 300 y 400 µM/mL disuelto en caldo LB. Se evalúa las cepas mercurio-resistentes frente a antibióticos clínicos por la técnica de difusión en placa usando los siguientes antibióticos en discos: Cloramfenicol (C), 30 µg; Norfloxacina (Nor),10 µg; Amikacina (Ak), 30 µg; Kanamicina (K), 30 µg; Ampicilina (A), 10 µg; Sulfaperazone (Sfp), 30 µg; Tetraciclina (Te), 30 µg; Aztreonam (Az), 30 µg; Ceftazidima (Caz), 30 µg; Gentamicina (Ge), 10 µg; Amoxicilina (Amx), 25 µg; Sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim (Sxt), 25 µg; Ácido Nalidíxico (W), 30 µg; Ciprofloxacina (Cip), 5 µg. El origen de la resistencia al mercurio mediada por plásmidos se comprueba mediante la técnica de curación con SDS (10 % p/v); se realiza la técnica de conjugación de plásmidos tomando la cepa receptora E. coli DH5α. Para la visualización de los plásmidos conjugativos se realiza la técnica de extracción de plásmidos con el método de Lisis Alcalina con SDS en las cepas receptoras mercurio-resistentes. Así mismo se evalúa la presencia del gen merA, que se encuentra en el operón mer, por el método del PCR tomando como DNA molde los plásmidos aislados. Del total de las cepas de E. coli (n=55) estudiadas, el 29,1 % (n=16) resultan ser positivas para los serogrupos EPEC, de éstas: 31,25 % EPEC poliA, 50 % EPEC poliB, 18,75 % EPEC poliC. El 74,54 % (n=41) son resistentes al mercurio en distintas concentraciones, de éstas el 34,15 % son resistentes a antibióticos; se observa la resistencia al mercurio mediada por plásmidos en el 80,5 %. De las cepas mercurio resistentes, el 14,63 % (n=6) muestran ser portadores de plásmidos conjugativos, observándose la presencia de estos en las cepas receptoras mercurio resistentes. Se observa la presencia truncada o aberrante del gen merA en los plásmidos aislados, confirmando la frecuencia del operón mer en el 14,63 % de las cepas mercurio resistentes.Tesi

Asociación de la resistencia al mercurio con la resistencia a antibióticos en Escherichia coli aislados de la costa de Lima-Perú

The Lima coast is highly affected by anthropogenic effluents from wastewater from contaminated urban rivers that flow into the coast. The objective of this study was to investigate the resistance to mercury and antibiotics, and the transfer of resistance to mercury by conjugative plasmids in 55 strains of Escherichia coli isolated of surface seawater from coastal Lima, Peru. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined for various antibiotics and for mercury in the isolated strains. To confirm the plasmid resistance to mercury, the curing was carried out with 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The plasmid transfer assay by conjugation was performed using the E. coli DH5α as recipient strain only with the strains that showed sensitivity to mercury after curing. The extraction of the resistance plasmids was carried out only in the transconjugant strains resistant to mercury. 41 (74.5%) strains were resistant to mercury (HgR), with MICs between 30 μM (8.25 ppm) and 300 μM (82.5 ppm), of these, 33 were HgR by plasmids and of this last group, 14 were also resistant to antibiotics. Only 6 strains had conjugative plasmids with mercury resistance, showing a transconjugation frequency between 9.41x10-4 and 4.76x10-2%. The high prevalence of HgR in E. coli strains isolated from the coast of Lima could be a public and environmental health problem. In this sense, congugative plasmids can contribute to the spread of mercury and/or resistance to antibiotics among bacterial communities in marine environments.El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la resistencia al mercurio y los antibióticos, y la transferencia de resistencia al mercurio por plásmidos conjugativos en 55 cepas de Escherichia coli aisladas de aguas superficiales del litoral de Lima, Perú. Se determinó la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) a diversos antibióticos y al mercurio en las cepas aisladas. Para confirmar la resistencia plasmídica al mercurio, se realizó la curación de estos con dodecil sulfato de sodio (SDS) 10%. El ensayo de transferencia de plásmidos por conjugación se realizó usando la cepa receptora E. coli DH5α sólo con las cepas que mostraron sensibilidad al mercurio después de la curación. La extracción de los plásmidos de resistencia fue realizada sólo en las cepas transconjugantes resistentes al mercurio. 41 (74.5%) cepas fueron resistentes al mercurio (HgR), presentando CMIs entre 30 μM (8.25 ppm) y 300 μM (82.5 ppm), de estás, 33 fueron HgR mediante plásmidos y de este último grupo, 14 fueron también resistentes a antibióticos. Sólo 6 cepas poseían plásmidos conjugativos con resistencia al mercurio, mostrando una frecuencia de transconjugación entre 9.41x10-4 y 4.76x10-2%. La alta prevalencia de cepas de E. coli HgR aisladas de la costa limeña podría ser un problema de salud pública y ambiental. En este sentido, los plásmidos congugativos pueden contribuir con la diseminación de mercurio y/o resistencia a antibióticos entre comunidades bacterianas en ambientes marinos

Development of new antimicrobial peptides based on the structures of proteins found in the venoms of the Peruvian snakes B. pictus e B. oligolepis

A resistência aos antibióticos adquirida por micro-organismos patogênicos é um problema de saúde mundial e, por isso, o desenvolvimento de novos agentes antimicrobianos vem sendo amplamente estimulado. Sabendo que muitos peptídeos bioativos correspondem a fragmentos peptídicos de proteínas e/ou seus análogos, este trabalho teve o objetivo de desenvolver novos peptídeos antimicrobianos (AMPs) a partir das sequências aminoacídicas e das estruturas 3D de proteínas possivelmente envolvidas na atividade antimicrobiana de venenos de serpentes pouco estudados. As etapas iniciais seguidas foram: a) escolher uma fosfolipase A2 (PLA2) de veneno de serpente peruana do gênero Bothrops da família Viperidae com sequência de aminoácidos conhecida e modelar por homologia a sua estrutura 3D; b) verificar atividade antimicrobiana em venenos de serpentes peruanas dos gêneros Bothrops e Bothriopsis da família Viperidae, selecionar um veneno ativo, fracioná-lo para isolar proteínas provavelmente envolvidas nessa atividade, tripsinizar as proteínas isoladas, sequenciar os fragmentos trípticos para identificá-las, localizar esses fragmentos em sequências aminoacídicas de proteínas com estruturas 3D disponíveis correlatas às proteínas isoladas/identificadas em classe, função e fonte natural. Em seguida, foram escolhidos fragmentos peptídicos da PLA2 (item a) e das proteínas isoladas do veneno ativo (item b) e/ou desenhados análogos que apresentassem características exibidas por AMPs conhecidos. Os peptídeos desenhados foram sintetizados, purificados, caracterizados e testados em suas atividades antimicrobianas. Os modelos estruturais 3D da PLA2 de Bothrops pictus e quatro peptídeos (PLA2-1 a -4) amidados derivados dela foram obtidos, sendo o PLA2-1 ativo frente a Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida krusei e Candida parapsilosis (MICs de 6,25-200 µmol.mL-1). Dos três venenos de serpentes peruanas testados, Bothrops taeniatta, Bothrops barnetti e Bothriopsis oligolepis, os dois últimos inibiram o crescimento de S. aureus (MICs 0,78-50 µmol.mL-1), mas apenas B. oligolepis demonstrou espectro de ação amplo. O seu fracionamento sequencial, acompanhado de ensaios de inibição do crescimento de S. aureus, gerou frações ativas relativamente homogêneas que, tripsinizadas e os fragmentos trípticos sequenciados, continham metalo-peptidases do tipo III, serino-peptidase ou lectinas do tipo C. A verificação de atividade enzimática e de coagulação sanguínea nessas frações confirmaram as naturezas das proteínas isoladas. Dos três peptídeos amidados (Bo-Ser1, Bo-Met1 e Bo-Lec1) desenhados a partir de suas estruturas, um deles foi ativo frente às leveduras C. albicans, C. krusei e C. parapsilosis (Bo-Met1; MIC de 6,25 - 200 µmol.mL-1). Pela primeira vez, foi demonstrado que: a) os venenos das serpentes peruanas B. barnetti e B. oligolepis apresentam ação antimicrobiana, sendo o último de espectro amplo; b) que as proteínas acima citadas, que incluem uma serino-peptidase, estão envolvidas com essa propriedade do veneno de B. oligolepis; c) que as sequências aminoacídicas e modelo 3D de uma PLA2 ácida e de proteínas presentes nos venenos das serpentes peruanas B. pictus e Bothriopsis oligolepis podem funcionar como fontes naturais para o desenvolvimento de novos AMPs de ação potente em micro-organismos de interesse clínico e científico.Resistance to antibiotics obtained by pathogenic microorganisms is a global health problem, so the search for new antimicrobial agents has been encouraged. Knowing that many protein fragments and analogues are bioactive peptides, the aim of this work was to develop new antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) based on the amino acid sequences and 3D structures of proteins apparently involved in the antimicrobial activity of snake venoms very little or not studied so far. The first steps taken were: a) selection of a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) present in the venom from a Peruvian Bothrops sp. belonging to the family Viperidae, whose amino acid sequence was known, to model by homology its 3D structure; b) detection of antimicrobial activity in venoms from other Peruvian Viperidae Bothrops and Bothriopsis snakes, selection of an active venom, fractionation of it for isolation of proteins possibly involved in the antimicrobial activity, trypsinization of the isolated proteins, sequencing of the tryptic fragments for protein identification, location of such fragments in the amino acid sequences and 3D structures of proteins directly related in class, function and natural source to the isolated proteins. Then, peptide fragments from the chosen PLA2 (item a) and from the isolated proteins (item b) that presented structural features found in the known AMPs were selected and/or their analogues were designed. Finally, synthesis, purification and characterization of the peptides with AMP potential, (viii) verification on whether or not they display antimicrobial activity. The 3D-structure models of Bothrops pictus PLA2 and four amidated peptides (PLA2-1 to -4) derived from it were obtained, being PLA2-1 active against Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as the yeasts Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis (MICs de 6.25-200 µmol.mL-1). Among the three Peruvian snake venoms tested Bothrops taeniatta, Bothrops barnetti and Bothriopsis oligolepis, the last two inhibited the growth of S. aureus (MICs 0.78-50 µmol.mL-1) and B. oligolepis presented a wide spectrum of bacterial action. Sequential fractionation followed by S. aureus growth inhibition assays of the main fractions led to active relatively homogeneous ones. Their trypsinization and sequencing of the tryptic fragments indicated that they contained metalloproteinases type III, serine-proteinase or lectins type CTL. Enzymatic activity and blood coagulation assays confirmed the nature of the isolated proteins. From the three amidated peptides (Bo-Ser1, Bo-Met1 e Bo-Lec1) derived from them, Bo-Met1 showed to be active against C. albicans, C. krusei e C. parapsilosis (MIC 6,25 - 200 µmol.mL-1). In summary, for the first time, it was demonstrated that: a) the venoms of the Peruvian snakes B. barnetti and B. oligolepis display antimicrobial activity, being the last of wide spectrum of action, b) the proteins isolated from B. oligolepis snake venom, including a serine-peptidase, are involved in the antimicrobial activity of the B. oligolepis snake venom, c) the amino acid sequences and 3D structures of acidic PLA2 and of other proteins found in the venoms of the Peruvian B. pictus e Bothriopsis oligolepis snakes can be used as safe and natural sources for the development of new AMPs potent against microorganisms of clinical and scientific interest

Past, Present, and Future of Naturally Occurring Antimicrobials Related to Snake Venoms

This review focuses on proteins and peptides with antimicrobial activity because these biopolymers can be useful in the fight against infectious diseases and to overcome the critical problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics. In fact, snakes show the highest diversification among reptiles, surviving in various environments; their innate immunity is similar to mammals and the response of their plasma to bacteria and fungi has been explored mainly in ecological studies. Snake venoms are a rich source of components that have a variety of biological functions. Among them are proteins like lectins, metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, L-amino acid oxidases, phospholipases type A2, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, as well as many oligopeptides, such as waprins, cardiotoxins, cathelicidins, and β-defensins. In vitro, these biomolecules were shown to be active against bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses that are pathogenic to humans. Not only cathelicidins, but all other proteins and oligopeptides from snake venom have been proteolyzed to provide short antimicrobial peptides, or for use as templates for developing a variety of short unnatural sequences based on their structures. In addition to organizing and discussing an expressive amount of information, this review also describes new β-defensin sequences of Sistrurus miliarius that can lead to novel peptide-based antimicrobial agents, using a multidisciplinary approach that includes sequence phylogeny

Proteomic Study of Response to Copper, Cadmium, and Chrome Ion Stress in <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> Strains Isolated from Andean Mine Tailings in Peru

Mine tailings are produced by mining activities and contain diverse heavy metal ions, which cause environmental problems and have negative impacts on ecosystems. Different microorganisms, including yeasts, play important roles in the absorption and/or adsorption of these heavy metal ions. This work aimed to analyze proteins synthesized by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica AMJ6 (Yl-AMJ6), isolated from Andean mine tailings in Peru and subjected to stress conditions with common heavy metal ions. Yeast strains were isolated from high Andean water samples impacted by mine tailings from Yanamate (Pasco, Peru). Among all the isolated yeasts, the Yl-AMJ6 strain presented LC50 values of 1.06 mM, 1.42 mM, and 0.49 mM for the Cr+6, Cu+2, and Cd+2 ions, respectively. Proteomic analysis of theYl-AMJ6 strain under heavy metal stress showed that several proteins were up- or downregulated. Biological and functional analysis of these proteins showed that they were involved in the metabolism of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates; response to oxidative stress and protein folding; ATP synthesis and ion transport; membrane and cell wall; and cell division. The most prominent proteins that presented the greatest changes were related to the oxidative stress response and carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting the existence of a defense mechanism in these yeasts to resist the impact of environmental contamination by heavy metal ions