Occurrence of Salmonella and Campylobacter in the farm of origin

Deckblatt-Impressum persönlicher Dank Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Einleitung Literatur Eigene Untersuchungen Ergebnisse Diskussion Zusammenfassung Summary Literaturverzeichnis Danksagung SelbständigkeitserklärungIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden sechs Herkunftsbetriebe eines Schweinemästerverbundes in Nierdersachsen auf Salmonella und Campylobacter geprüft. Gesucht wurde nach möglichen Zusammenhängen der positiven Funde zu Prädilektionsstellen oder dem Betriebsmanagement. Die Untersuchungen: Untersucht wurden Proben aus der Tierumgebung, die, der Schwarz-Weiß-Trennung der Betriebe folgend, dem Stallinnenbereich (Kot, Spaltenboden, Futtertrog, Tränke, Fliegen, Stiefel), dem Stallaußenbereich (Oberflächenwasser, Erde, Vogelkot, Rektaltupfer von Hund oder Katze) und dem Zuliefer- und Entsorgungsbereich (Silofutter, Stadt- oder Brunnenwasser, Kompost) zugeordnet worden waren. Zusätzlich wurden anhand eines Fragebogens betriebsinterne Managementfaktoren erfasst und ein Grundriss der Betriebe gefertigt. Alle Betriebe wurden in zwei Durchgängen (zwischen Januar und Juni sowie zwischen September und November) im Verlauf des Jahres 2003 besucht. Insgesamt wurden 657 Proben im institutseigenen Labor auf Salmonella (DIN ISO 6579) und Campylobacter (ISO DIS 10272) untersucht. Die identifizierten Salmonella- Isolate wurden am Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung serotypisiert, die Spezies-Differenzierung der Campylobacter-Isolate erfolgte anhand biochemischer Reaktionen im institutseigenen Labor. Ergebnisse Isolate: Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine unterschiedliche Belastung und Verteilung der genannten Zoonoseerreger in der Tierumgebung. Salmonella wurde in 5,9 % aller Proben nachgewiesen. Diese fanden sich in drei von sechs Betrieben, die Nachweisraten lagen zwischen 0,0 % und 28,1 %. Bezogen auf alle Betriebe, fanden sich Salmonella-Isolate mit 6,0 % im Stallinnenbereich, mit 7,8 % im Stallaußenbereich und mit 2,7 % im Zuliefer- und Entsorgungsbereich. Es wurden überwiegend Salmonella Typhimurium und Salmonella Derby identifiziert. Campylobacter wurde auf allen Betrieben und in insgesamt 27,4 % aller Proben nachgewiesen, die Nachweisraten lagen zwischen 12,5 % und 41,2 %. Campylobacter-Isolate fanden sich nur im Stallinnenbereich (35,0 %) und im Stallaußenbereich (11,6 %). Es wurden überwiegend Campylobacter lari und Campylobacter coli identifiziert. Ergebnisse Management: Es konnten Umstände ermittelt werden, die sich fördernd auf das Auftreten von Salmonella und Campylobacter auswirken können. Mit Salmonellen belastet war die Tierumgebung der Betriebe mit einer Buchtenbelegung von mehr als 12 Tieren (Betrieb D und F) sowie Betriebe mit Bestandsgrößen von 1000 oder mehr Tieren (Betrieb C und D), wobei Ausnahmen möglich waren (Betrieb E und F). Hinsichtlich der einzelnen Betriebe wurde der Schluß gezogen, dass parallel existierende Produktionszweige (Betrieb C) und ein mäßiges Hygiene- und Betriebsmanagement (defekte Tränkeanlage, überlaufende Gülle, Betrieb D) das Auftretetn von Salmonella in der Tierumgebung begünstigen können. Eine höhere Campylobacterbelastung konnte in der Tierumgebung der Betriebe ohne Stalldesinfektion ermittelt werden gegenüber den Betrieben, die eine Stalldesinfektion durchführten (Betrieb A und C). Die Ausnahme bildete Betrieb F (keine Desinfektion) mit der zweitniedrigsten Campylobacter Nachweisrate. Eine massive Fliegenbelastung (Betrieb E) ging mit erhöhtem Auftreten von Campylobacter in der Tierumgebung einher.Six selected pig farms of a fattening association in Lower Saxony, Germany, were surveyed for Salmonella and Campylobacter. It was the aim of the study to find out possible relationships between positive results and predilection sites or farm management. The procedure: Samples were taken from the animal environment. Following the black and white separation scheme of the farms, samples were allocated to the interior (faeces, slatted floors, feeding and drinking troughs, flies, boots), to the exterior (water from the site, soil, bird faeces, rectal swabs from dogs or cats) and from the supply and disposing area (feed silos, municipal or fountain water, compost). In addition, farm internal management factors were taken as well as a ground view of the aerea was set up. All farms were visited twice during the year 2003 (between January and June and between September and November). In total, 657 samples were tested for Salmonella (following DIN ISO 6579) and Campylobacter (following ISO DIS 10272). The obtained Salmonella strains were serotyped at the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, the species differentiation of the Campylobacter isolates was performed via biochemical reactions in the laboratory of the institute. Results: Isolates: Results reflect a different burden and distribution of the zoonotic agents in the environment. Salmonella was detected in 5,9 % of all samples. Three of six farms were positive, the percentage ranged from 0,0 % to 28,1 %. Based on all results, isolates were obtained from 6 % of samples from the interior, from 7,8 % of samples from the exterior and in 2,7 % of cases from the supply and disposal area. Predominantly identified were Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Derby. Campylobacter was obtained from 27,4 % of all samples, with a detection rate between 12,5 % and 41,2 %. Campylobacter isolates were only found in the interior (35,0 %) and in the exterior (11,6 %). Predominantly identified species were Campylobacter lari and Campylobacter coli. Management: Circumstances which might promote the occurrence of Salmonella and Campylobacter were identified. Salmonella positive were the animal environments in farms with more than 12 animals per pen (farm D and F) as well as farms with a stocking number of more than 1000 and more animals (farm C and D). However, the effect of stocking number was not always the case: (farm E and F). It was concluded that the presence of more than one species present on the site (farm C) or not appropriate hygiene and farm management (defect drinking trough facilities, spilling liquid manure [farm D]) might further promote the occurrence of Salmonella in the animal environment. A higher burden of Campylobacter was obtained in the environment of farms without disinfection in contrast to farms performing disinfection (farm A and C), with the exemption of farm F (no disinfection), showing the second lowest Campylobacter detection rate. A massive burden of flies (farm E) went along with a high Campylobacter prevalence in the animal environment

Great Lakes Research and Education Center, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore: Connecting Research, Education, and Outreach through Research Internships

The National Park Service (NPS) initiated the Natural Resources Challenge in 1999. The Challenge resulted in the development of research learning centers (RLCs) throughout the country. The RLCs increase the effectiveness and communication of scientific research in national parks by (1) facilitating use of parks for scientific inquiry; (2) supporting sciencebased decision-making; (3) communicating current research information; and (4) promoting resource stewardship through partnerships. RLCs initiate, support, and implement a wide variety of research projects and provide opportunities for university students to work with researchers and park managers. The Great Lakes Research and Education Center initiated a university student research internship program in 2005 to provide support for researchers and managers in the Great Lakes Network parks (Figure 1). Among the network parks, eight participated in the program

Administrative Leadership During Crisis in Higher Education: Absorbing Chaos, Giving Calm, and Providing Hope - A Phenomenological Case Study

Encountering crises is inevitable when working with people, and while higher education institutions tend to operate in systems, unique circumstances call for unique responses. This study sought to understand the experiences of a university president and the surrounding community after experiencing a campus crisis. This study utilized the 2006 van accident at Taylor University as a case study. The researcher used a phenomenological case study approach and design to interview thirteen people who were directly involved as administrators, senior level leaders, student development faculty, academic faculty, staff, students, or members of the board of trustees. The findings of this study describe aspects of the crisis management that worked well for Taylor University at that specific time. The results show specific leadership qualities of Dr. Eugene and Mrs. Marylou Habecker, the president and first lady at the time of the accident. Themes relating to their personalities, their actions, and how they involved other people were the most prevalent. Additionally, the results show how Taylor University, a unique campus culture of student-focused faculty and staff, contributed to the specialized crisis response, including being well prepared. Furthermore, the findings emphasize the role that the Christian faith played in how the institution and individuals experienced this crisis is paramount to understanding the motives behind decisions that were made and their impact. Additionally, the study provided principles for other administrative leaders who experience crisis in their institutions. This research will inform policy and practice for how to approach crisis leadership during a specific case but may be applicable and transferrable to a variety of circumstances that may appear at colleges and universities around the world

Archival Project: The H. Maria Wright Fire and its Effects on Taylor University

The 1960’s decade could be described as a tumultuous yet momentous time period for Taylor University. The institution underwent transitions in administrative leaders, vital decisions were made regarding long-term future planning, and Taylor was navigating the changes and challenges facing higher education in America. A formative experience that shaped the future of the institution was the unexpected and devastating burning of the H. Maria Wright Hall. Often described as the “nerve center” of Taylor’s campus in Upland, Indiana, the building housed faculty and administrative offices, classrooms, the library, the chapel, and other vital spaces for the successful operation of the institution (Cleveland; Ringenberg, 2003). No one could have been prepared for the loss the fire brought, yet looking back in the aftermath, it can be seen as a catalyst for immense growth and change for the university. In this paper, I will summarize the events of the H. Maria Wright Hall fire of 1960 and analyze the event’s lasting effects on Taylor University

Queer Content in Science Fiction Allegory and Analogue: Is It In Disguise?

This thesis performs a textual analysis of two for-profit science fiction texts in which the authors implanted queer content: Bryan Singer\u27s X-Men films and James Robert\u27s Transformers comic series, More Than Meets the Eye . The argument incorporates queer (referring to attraction and gender variance) media representation and western identity politics lenses into its critique. By interrogating reality through the masquerade of an impossible universe, science fiction affects how subversive a text can be. When authors designate the natural and the unnatural in a strange universe, they designate what and who belongs in our society. Whatever they imagine has an effect on our reality

Away with the Apprentice: Graduate Worker Advocacy Groups and Rhetorical Representation

While graduate workers have a long history of organizing and advocating on their own behalf, concerns specific to their unique identity as both laborers and students have not yet permeated the discourse surrounding worker rights in higher education. Using Edward Schiappa’s work on how definitions are created and circulated, I position that the work and labor of the graduate student is under-discoursed because of the mundane definition of the graduate worker as an apprentice first and foremost. Drawing on the public literature of the Committee on Rights and Compensation (CRC), a current effort to unionize graduate workers underway at the University of Colorado Boulder, I examine the ways in which the CRC is attempting to introduce previously hidden, novel definitions of the graduate worker as a professional first and foremost