Global diversity patterns of freshwater fishes - Potential victims of their own success

Aim To examine the pattern and cumulative curve of descriptions of freshwater fishes world-wide, the geographical biases in the available information on that fauna, the relationship between species richness and geographical rarity of such fishes, as well as to assess the relative contributions of different environmental factors on these variables. Location Global. Methods MODESTR was used to summarize the geographical distribution of freshwater fish species using information available from data-based geographical records. The first-order jackknife richness estimator was used to estimate the completeness of such data in all terrestrial 1-degree cells world-wide. An a-shape procedure was used to build range maps capable of providing relatively accurate species richness and geographical rarity values for each grid cell. We also examined the explanatory capacity of a high number of environmental variables using multiple regressions and Support Vector Machine. Results Cumulative species description curves show that a high number of species of freshwater fishes remain to be discovered. Completeness values indicate that only 199 one-degree grid cells, mainly located in eastern North America and Europe, could be considered as having relatively accurate inventories. Range maps provide species richness values that are positively and significantly related to those resulting from the first-order jackknife richness estimator. The relationship between species richness and geographical rarity is triangular, so that these species-rich cells are those with a higher proportion of distributionally rare species. Species richness is predicted by climatic and/or productivity variables but geographical rarity is not. Main conclusions In general, species-rich tropical areas harbour a higher number of narrowly distributed species although comparatively species-poor subtropical cells may also contain narrowly distributed species. Historical factors may help to explain the faunistic composition of these latter areas; a supposition also supported by the low predictive capacity of climatic and productivity variables on geographical rarity values

Modestr : a software tool for studying of colombian aquatic ecosystems

ABSTRACT: The aim of this manuscript is to show the usefulness of the software package ModestR in studies of distribution of Colombian marine and freshwater species. This software is free available at the Website: . To show and test the potential of ModestR, here an exemplar assessment is presented of a database using all valid species of freshwater shes of the orders Characiformes and Siluriformes, and their geographical records available in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, 2012), and of the order Carcharhiniformes as representatives of marine species. ModestR includes, in its initial phase, two applications: DataManager and MapMaker. The application DataManager is designed for an integrated taxonomic information and maps of the distribution of any species group. The application MapMaker has been designed to generate species distribution maps in four different ways: 1) by importing a CSV le with the name of the species and their geographical coordinates, 2) importing the geographical records automatically from GBIF, 3) importing geographical coordinates generated by distribution models, and 4) making expert maps by selecting distribution areas, according to the types of habitats occupied by the species. The possibility of working with habitats is one of the most important contributions of ModestR and, in particular, that are mapped small lotic ecosystems (creeks, streams, etc.), large lotic ecosystems (rivers) and lentic ecosystems (ponds, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, etc.). Moreover, it is also possible to select marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, although the manuscript has been focused on species of aquatic ecosystems, ModestR also allows the same type of studies with terrestrial species.RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar las utilidades del programa informático ModestR, en estudios sobre distribución de especies en ecosistemas marinos y de agua dulce de Colombia. Este programa se encuentra disponible en la Web de manera gratuita: . Para enseñar y probar el funcionamiento de ModestR se trabajó con los datos disponibles en el Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, 2012) de los órdenes Characiformes y Siluriformes, como ejemplo de especies de peces dulciacuícolas, y del orden Carcharhiniformes de especies marinas. ModestR incluye en su fase inicial, dos aplicaciones: DataManager y MapMaker. La aplicación DataManager está diseñada para realizar manejo integrado de información taxonómica y mapas de distribución de cualquier grupo de especies. La aplicación MapMaker permite generar mapas de distribución de especies de cuatro formas diferentes: 1) importando un archivo CSV con el nombre de las especies y las coordenadas geográ cas, 2) importando los datos automáticamente del GBIF, 3) importando las coordenadas geográ cas generadas de modelos de distribución y 4) realizando mapas expertos, lo cual consiste en seleccionar las áreas de distribución, de acuerdo a los tipos de hábitats en que ocurre la o las especies en estudio. La posibilidad de trabajar con hábitats es una de las contribuciones más importantes de ModestR y, en particular, la de que los hábitats lóticos pequeños (quebradas, arroyos, etc.), los lóticos grandes (ríos) y los lenticos (lagunas, lagos, embalses, ciénagas, etc.) están cartogra ados con muy alta resolución. Además, también se diferencian los ecosistemas marino y terrestre. A pesar de que este estudio se enfocó en especies de ecosistemas acuáticos, ModestR permite también realizar el mismo tipo de ejercicios con especies terrestres

A procedure to assess the spatial variability in the importance of abiotic factors affecting distributions: the case of world freshwater fishes

Understanding the factors shaping species' distributions is a key longstanding topic in ecology with unresolved issues. The aims were to test whether the relative contribution of abiotic factors that set the geographical range of freshwater fish species may vary spatially and/or may depend on the geographical extent that is being considered. The relative contribution of factors, to discriminate between the conditions prevailing in the area where the species is present and those existing in the considered extent, was estimated with the instability index included in the R package SPEDInstabR. We used 3 different extent sizes: 1) each river basin where the species is present (local); 2) all river basins where the species is present (regional); and 3) the whole Earth (global). We used a data set of 16,543 freshwater fish species with a total of 845,764 geographical records, together with bioclimatic and topographic variables. Factors associated with temperature and altitude show the highest relative contribution to explain the distribution of freshwater fishes at the smaller considered extent. Altitude and a mix of factors associated with temperature and precipitation were more important when using the regional extent. Factors associated with precipitation show the highest contribution when using the global extent. There was also spatial variability in the importance of factors, both between species and within species and from region to region. Factors associated with precipitation show a clear latitudinal trend of decreasing in importance toward the equator

A procedure to assess the spatial variability in the importance of abiotic factors affecting distributions: THE case of world freshwater fishes

Understanding the factors shaping species’ distributions is a key longstanding topic in ecology with unresolved issues. The aims were to test whether the relative contribution of abiotic factors that set the geographical range of freshwater fish species may vary spatially and/or may depend on the geographical extent that is being considered. The relative contribution of factors, to discriminate between the conditions prevailing in the area where the species is present and those existing in the considered extent, was estimated with the instability index included in the R package SPEDInstabR. We used 3 different extent sizes: 1) each river basin where the species is present (local); 2) all river basins where the species is present (regional); and 3) the whole Earth (global). We used a data set of 16,543 freshwater fish species with a total of 845,764 geographical records, together with bioclimatic and topographic variables. Factors associated with temperature and altitude show the highest relative contribution to explain the distribution of freshwater fishes at the smaller considered extent. Altitude and a mix of factors associated with temperature and precipitation were more important when using the regional extent. Factors associated with precipitation show the highest contribution when using the global extent. There was also spatial variability in the importance of factors, both between species and within species and from region to region. Factors associated with precipitation show a clear latitudinal trend of decreasing in importance toward the equator.Peer Reviewe

Completeness of national freshwater fish species inventories around the world

The aim was to discriminate the countries with relatively comprehensive inventories of freshwater fishes from those with insufficiently prospected inventories. We used a data set of 16,734 freshwater fish species with a total of 1,373,449 occurrence records. Accumulation curves relating the increase in the number of species to the number of records, and completeness values obtained after extrapolating these curves to estimate the total number of predicted species were calculated for each country using the RWizard application KnowBR. Using the final slope values of the accumulation curves, the obtained completeness values, and the ratio between the number of records and the observed species, maps and plots representing the location of good, fair and poor quality inventories at country level were obtained. Inventory completeness ranged from 5.3% (Guinea-Bissau) to 108.4% (United Kingdom), with a pooled mean of 65.9%. We observed that a completeness higher than 90%, a slope lower than 0.02 and a ratio of records/species observed greater than 15 were good thresholds for identifying countries with good quality inventories; only 26 countries met these requirements, mainly located in Europe and North America. However, more than 71% of countries worldwide have inventories that can be categorised as of poor quality. Furthermore, even those countries with relatively accurate national inventories possess a high variability in the completeness of their provincial or regional inventories.Peer Reviewe

Geospatial data of freshwater habitats for macroecological studies: an example with freshwater fishes

Global data sets are essential in macroecological studies. File formats of the few available data sets of freshwater ecosystems, however, are either incompatible with most macroecological software packages, incomplete, or of coarse spatial resolutions. We integrated more than 460 million geographical coordinates for freshwater habitats in the FRWater data set, partitioned into seven different habitats (lentic, wetlands, reservoirs, small rivers, large rivers, small ditches, large ditches, small channels, large channels, small drains and large drains) in ModestR (http://www.ipez.es/ModestR). A comprehensive collection of geospatial rasters was assembled, one for each of the seven freshwater habitats, with the area in km2 occupied by each habitat presented in cells of 5 arc-minute resolution. The utility of FRWater was evaluated using hierarchical partitioning via the identification of the contribution of the seven different freshwater habitats to both species richness and rarity. To this end, we used a data set of 836,123 geographical records of the 16,216 species of freshwater fishes recognized as valid by systematists at the end of 2014. Areas in North America and Europe are the most detailed in the FRWater data set, evidencing the higher quality of data sources in those regions. The number of geographical coordinates is much lower for Africa, Asia, Australia, and South America where many water bodies remain unmapped. In light of the variation in information quality at continental levels, we performed and present comparative analyses for Europe versus South America at local (5ʹ × 5ʹ grid cells) and regional (5° × 5° grid cells) scales. The relative contribution of small rivers to both species richness and rarity was highest under almost all analyses, followed by lentic habitats and large rivers. The areas of different habitats moreover explained a relatively high proportion of the observed variance in geographic rarity. Our findings corroborate previous findings that the greater contribution of small rivers to species richness is probably due to these habitats promoting geographical rarity. Hence, species richness is favored by the isolation resultant from, and the refuges associated with, small river basins and via the diversification processes promoted by such isolation.his work was supported by the ENDESA [110/02168].Peer Reviewe