Singly generated quasivarieties and residuated structures

A quasivariety K of algebras has the joint embedding property (JEP) iff it is generated by a single algebra A. It is structurally complete iff the free countably generated algebra in K can serve as A. A consequence of this demand, called "passive structural completeness" (PSC), is that the nontrivial members of K all satisfy the same existential positive sentences. We prove that if K is PSC then it still has the JEP, and if it has the JEP and its nontrivial members lack trivial subalgebras, then its relatively simple members all belong to the universal class generated by one of them. Under these conditions, if K is relatively semisimple then it is generated by one K-simple algebra. It is a minimal quasivariety if, moreover, it is PSC but fails to unify some finite set of equations. We also prove that a quasivariety of finite type, with a finite nontrivial member, is PSC iff its nontrivial members have a common retract. The theory is then applied to the variety of De Morgan monoids, where we isolate the sub(quasi)varieties that are PSC and those that have the JEP, while throwing fresh light on those that are structurally complete. The results illuminate the extension lattices of intuitionistic and relevance logics

Processing of Sb-Pb-Sn-Containing Materials

During the processing of lead containing products and polymetallic alloys the recovery of tin and antimony from technology of lead production is carried out by oxidation refining of decopperized lead with rich oxides (Sn, Sb ≥ 20%).Tin oxides are melted in a short-drum furnaces to lead bullion (> 96% Pb) and tin-rich (> 20% Sn) slag. The slag is melted in an ore-smelting furnace to obtain a Sn-Pb alloy of next composition, %: 56.1 Sn, 18.2 Pb, 14.6 Sb, 6.9 As, which is refined by vacuum distillation with production of rough tin (Sn ≥ 90%). The additional profit of rough tin obtainment (∼310 tons/year), compared with sales of tin slag, is about ∼1.3 million $/year. Keywords: lead, tin, antimony, melting, vacuum distillatio

Development of Technology of Arsenic Removal from Acidic Waste Solutions in the Form of Arsenic Trisulfide

During the laboratory tests the conditions of arsenic removal from acidic waste solutions of metallurgical enterprise in the form of arsenic trisulfide were determined. The technology based on the reduction of pentavalent arsenic to trivalent state with sodium pyrosulfite solution and following arsenic trisulfide precipitation from acidic solution after treatment with sodium sulfide solution was proposed. The arsenic removal proceeds with mechanical stirring, dosing the calculated amounts of reagents and collecting emissions of hydrogen sulfide. With such treatment, about 95% of arsenic, which was in the initial solution, passes into the precipitate. An enlarged laboratory experiment was carried out and the precipitate with 42.6% of arsenic and 46.9% of sulfur was obtained. The precipitate yield was ∼25.7 kg (dry weight) out of 1 m3 of the initial arsenic containing solution. Keywords: arsenic, arsenic trisulfide, acidic waste solutions, sodium sulfide, sodium pyrosulfit

Weakly-nonlocal Symplectic Structures, Whitham method, and weakly-nonlocal Symplectic Structures of Hydrodynamic Type

We consider the special type of the field-theoretical Symplectic structures called weakly nonlocal. The structures of this type are in particular very common for the integrable systems like KdV or NLS. We introduce here the special class of the weakly nonlocal Symplectic structures which we call the weakly nonlocal Symplectic structures of Hydrodynamic Type. We investigate then the connection of such structures with the Whitham averaging method and propose the procedure of "averaging" of the weakly nonlocal Symplectic structures. The averaging procedure gives the weakly nonlocal Symplectic Structure of Hydrodynamic Type for the corresponding Whitham system. The procedure gives also the "action variables" corresponding to the wave numbers of $m$-phase solutions of initial system which give the additional conservation laws for the Whitham system.Comment: 64 pages, Late

Утилизация сульфидно-мышьяковистого кека

When processing sulfide copper-zinc concentrates at copper smelters, sulfide-arsenic cakes are formed, which are subject to disposal. To solve the global environmental problem of arsenic in the metallurgical and mining industries, it must be reliably concentrated and fixed in technological flows with subsequent waste disposal. The fusion of arsenic cake with elemental sulfur leads to the formation of vitreous sulfides, which are less toxic in comparison with dispersed powdered cake, homogeneous and compact in shape. The fusion product is represented by non-stoichiometric arsenic sulfide, similar in composition to As2S5. The high chemical stability of glassy arsenic sulfides is confirmed by the results of leaching by TCLP method. The fusion products have 100 times lower solubility compared to the initial cake. Achieving the solubility of arsenic in the alloy below the threshold concentration (5 mg/dm3 ) makes it possible to recommend the disposal of arsenic cake by fusing it with elemental sulfur. The fusion products belong to non-hazardous waste and are suitable for long-term storage. The composition and structure of cake fusions with iron powder have been studied. New compounds of variable composition were identified in the fused samples: arsenides and sulfides of iron, arsenic sulfides and arsenopyrites. Studies have shown that the products of fusion with iron have a solubility 10–15 times lower than the arsenic compounds in the initial cake but above the threshold concentration as per TCLP method. Therefore, fusion with iron cannot be recommended for practical use for the disposal of arsenic cakes.При переработке сульфидных медно-цинковых концентратов на медеплавильных заводах образуются сульфидномышьяковистые кеки, подлежащие утилизации. Для решения глобальной экологической проблемы мышьяка в металлургической и горнодобывающей отраслях промышленности он должен быть надежно сконцентрирован и иммобилизован в технологических потоках с последующим удалением отходов. Сплавление мышьяковистого кека с элементной серой приводит к образованию стекловидных сульфидов, которые менее токсичны в сравнении с дисперсным порошкообразным кеком, однородны и обладают компактной формой. Продукт сплавления представлен нестехиометрическим сульфидом мышьяка, близким по составу к As2S5. Высокая химическая устойчивость стеклообразных сульфидов мышьяка подтверждается результатами выщелачивания по методике TCLP. Продукты сплавления имеют в 100 раз меньшую растворимость по сравнению с исходным кеком. Достижение растворимости мышьяка в сплаве ниже пороговой концентрации (5 мг/дм3 ) позволяет рекомендовать утилизацию мышьяковистого кека способом сплавления его с элементной серой. Продукты сплавления относятся к неопасным отходам и пригодны для длительного хранения. Изучены состав и структура сплавов кека с железным порошком. В сплавленных образцах выявлены новые соединения переменного состава: арсениды и сульфиды железа, сульфиды мышьяка и арсенопириты. Исследования показали, что продукты сплавления с железом обладают растворимостью в 10–15 раз меньшей, чем соединения мышьяка в исходном кеке, но выше пороговой концентрации по методике TCLP. Поэтому сплавление с железом не может быть рекомендовано к практическому использованию для утилизации мышьяковистых кеков

On the water-bag model of dispersionless KP hierarchy

We investigate the bi-Hamiltonian structure of the waterbag model of dKP for two component case. One can establish the third-order and first-order Hamiltonian operator associated with the waterbag model. Also, the dispersive corrections are discussed.Comment: 19 page

Thomas Mann and F. M. Dostoyevsky: on the Essential Dialogue between Germany and Russia

The article was submitted on 01.07.2018.This paper deals with the dialogue between East and West in the creative work of T. Mann and F. Dostoyevsky. The dialogue is focused on issues of essentialism: the truth and the simulacrum and the cultural and artistic activity of two different types (will to live and will to die). T. Mann’s prose is considered in the context of the author’s perception of Dostoyevsky’s oeuvre, which allows the authors to single out the main cultural codes and civilizational constants in the creative work of the two authors (the Western Faustian idea of rationality and the Russian idea of the soul). The article seeks to study T. Mann’s spiritual and creative antinomies, which manifest themselves in the writer’s motto “Dostoyevsky, but in moderation”. The complex interdisciplinary methodology of the research is based on the principle of dialogue between the artistic and the philosophical, the scholarly and the scientific, the religious and the irreligious, and academic and journalistic discourses. A hermeneutic study of literary text means considering it holistically in the context of culture. The authors refer to Dostoyevsky’s Diary of a Writer and Mann’s essays, along with other works by both writers. The main problematic contexts of the study include Friedrich Nietzsche’s concept God is dead and Oswald Spengler’s decline of Europe, along with the philosophical ideas of Western postmodernism (including the theory of simulacra by J. Baudrillard), Jung’s psychoanalytic studies, and the eschatological diagnoses and forecasts of Russian religious philosophy (V. S. Solovyov, N. A. Berdyaev, and I. A. Ilyin). The main results of the study are related to the opposing ideas of Dostoyevsky’s eschatological openness and Mann’s temporal dimension, associated respectively with metaphysical transcendence and humanistic immanence based on Kant’s philosophy of practical reason. A conclusion is drawn about the isomorphism of Dostoyevsky’s prose fiction and journalism and the anti-isomorphism of Mann’s fiction and essays. Choosing between the philosophy of the Nietzschean superman and Dostoyevsky’s Christ-centred ethics, Thomas Mann opts for Dostoyevsky. However, Mann’s perception of Dostoyevsky’s ideas retains a dialogical incompleteness, reflecting the insoluble contradiction between the rational and the irrational conceptions of the German classic.Исследуется диалог между Западом и Востоком в творчестве Т. Манна и Ф. М. Достоевского по эссенциальной проблематике (истины и симулякра, культуротворческой деятельности двух разных типов – воли к жизни и воли к смерти). Проза Манна рассматривается в контексте восприятия Достоевского, что позволяет выявить основные культурологические коды и цивилизационные константы в творчестве исследуемых писателей (западная «фаустовская» идея рациональности и «русская идея» сердца). Цель работы – раскрытие духовно-творческих антиномий Т. Манна, наиболее ярко воплотившихся в лозунге «Достоевский – но в меру». Методология исследования базируется на принципе диалога художественного и философского, гуманитарного и естественнонаучного, религиозного и арелигиозного, научно-академического и публицистического типов дискурса. Герменевтическое исследование предполагает понимание художественного текста в целостном контексте культуры. Основными источниками являются «Дневник писателя» Достоевского и эссеистика Манна, а также художественные произведения обоих писателей. К определяющим проблемным контекстам исследования относятся концепции «смерти Бога» Ф. Ницше и «заката Европы» О. Шпенглера, философские идеи западного постмодерна (в том числе учение о симулякрах Ж. Бодрийяра), психоаналитические исследования К. Юнга, эсхатологические диагнозы и прогнозы русской религиозной философии (В. С. Соловьев, Н. А. Бердяев, И. А. Ильин). Основные результаты исследования связаны с противопоставлением идей эсхатологической откровенности Достоевского и темпоральной мерности Манна, соотносимых с метафизической трансцендентностью и гуманистической имманентностью, основанной на философии практического разума Канта. Делается вывод об изоморфности художественной прозы и публицистики Достоевского и антиизоморфности художественной прозы и эссеистики Манна. Выбирая между философией сверхчеловека Ницше и христоцентризмом Достоевского, Т. Манн делает выбор в пользу Достоевского, однако восприятие им идей последнего сохраняет в себе диалогическую незавершенность, отражает неразрешимое противоречие между рациональным и иррациональным началом творчества немецкого классика

Sorption of nickel (II) and manganese (II) ions from aqueous solutions

Mine water from non-ferrous metal deposits is often contaminated with nickel and manganese ions. The entry of these ions, especially nickel, into surface waters and underground aquifers is undesirable since it has a negative effect on living organisms and worsens the condition of drinking water sources. One of the promising methods for selectively extracting nickel ions and obtaining an eluate suitable for further use is sorption by weakly acid cation exchangers with chelate groups of iminodiacetic acid. As part of the study, sorption isotherms of nickel and manganese ions by Lewatit MonoPlus TP 207 cation exchanger in mono- and bicomponent systems were obtained. In monocomponent systems, the maximum static exchange capacity (SEC) of the cation exchanger for nickel ions is 952 mmol/dm3, and in bicomponent systems – 741 mmol/dm3; for manganese ions– 71 mmol/dm3 and 49 mmol/dm3, respectively. It is obvious that the studied cation exchanger has a greater capacity for nickel ions than for manganese ions. The influence of a temperature increase from 300 to 330 K on the sorption of nickel and manganese ions was established: in monocomponent systems, the maximum degree of extraction of the former increases from 65 to 77 % (SEC from 337 to 399 mmol/dm3), and the latter from 21 to 35 % (SEC – from 140 to 229 mmol/dm3); in bicomponent systems, the extraction of nickel ions increases from 59 to 78 % (SEC – from 307 to 429 mmol/dm3), and manganese ions decreases from 20 to 17 % (SEC – from 164 to 131 mmol/dm3). The predominant increase in the indicators is due to the filling of the sorption centers of the ion-exchange resins, which are energetically unfavorable for the exchange of counterions at a lower temperature. The influence of the pH of the solution on sorption was determined: the intensification of the process for nickel ions is observed in the pH range of 8.0-8.5 in a monocomponent solution and 8.0-9.0 in a bicomponent solution, for manganese ions in the range of 8.0-9.5 in both cases. The increase in the degree of extraction of ions and the exchange capacity of the ion exchanger with increasing pH is associated with the appearance of singly charged hydroxocations, dissociation of the functional groups of the sorbent and, to some extent, with the subsequent formation of insoluble forms of nickel and manganese. However, with increasing pH, a decrease in the selectivity of nickel extraction is observed: the ion separation coefficient decreases from 14.0 to 6.0 in the pH range of 6.0-11.0