Testing the effect of purified lignocellulose on broilers for health status, production results and degree of histological and morphological changes in digestive tracts

Osnovni cilj istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije bio je da se ispita uticaj ishrane brojlera obrocima sa dodatkom različitih količina purifikovane lignoceluloze na zdravstveno stanje, proizvodne rezultate (tjelesna masa, prirast, konzumacija i konverzija hrane), fizičke karakteristike (težina digestivnog trakta), vlažnost stelje, mikrobiološke i morfološke karakteristike pojedinih segmenata crijeva, kao i opravdanost korištenja lignoceluloze u ishrani brojlera. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 400 brojlera provenijencije Cobb 500, podijeljenih u 4 grupe po 100 jedinki u svakoj. Sve jedinke hranjene su smješama standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava po preporuci proizvođača hibrida, s tim što su se grupe jedino razlikovale u tome što su ogledne grupe u starter i grover smješi za ishranu imale dodate različite količine purifikovane lignoceluloze ( O-I grupa je dobijala purifikovanu lignocelulozu u količini od 4 g/kg hrane, O-II grupa u količini od 6 g/kg purifikovane lignoceluloze , dok je u hranu za O-III grupu brojlera dodato 6 g/kg purifikovane lignoceluloze uz smanjenje učešća sojine sačme za 0,6%. Smješe za ishranu bile su formulisane tako da u potpunosti zadovolje potrebe brojlera u svim fazama tova. Za vrijeme trajanja ogleda praćeno je zdravstveno stanje i proizvodni parametri (tjelesna masa, prirast, konzumacija i konverzija hrane). Kontrolna mjerenja tjelesne mase i konzumacije hrane vršena su svakodnevno i na kraju svake nedelje tova. Na kraju tova brojleri su izmjereni, izračunata je potrošena količina hrane, a u klaonici je izvršeno mjerenje težine digestivnog trakta i uzimanje uzoraka crijeva za mikrobiološke i histološke analize. Korišćenjem purifikovane lignoceluloze postignuti su bolji proizvodni rezultati oglednih grupa u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu brojlera. Tjelesne mase brojlera oglednih grupa bile su veće od kontrolne grupe u svim fazama tova. U periodu tova od 1-21. dana utvrđena je statistički manja tjelesna masa brojlera kontrolne u odnosu na brojlere O-II grupe, s tim da je isti trend nastavljen i u drugoj fazi tova (22-42. dan) gdje su utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između O-II grupe u odnosu na kontrolnu, ali i ostale ogledne grupe. U svim fazama tova, kao i za cijeli period tova ogledne grupe brojlera ostvarile su veći prosiječni prirast od kontrolne grupe...The main goal of this doctoral dissertation was to investigate the effect of broiler’s nutrition on meals with the addition of various amounts of purified lignocelluloses on health condition, production results (body weight, growth, food consumption and conversion), physical characteristics (the weight of the digestive tract), litter moisture microbiological and morphological characteristics of certain segments of the intestine, as well as the justification for the use of lignocellulose in feeding of broilers. The experiment was performed on total of 400 broilers on provenance Cobb 500 divided into 4 groups with 100 individuals in each of them. All individuals were being fed with mixture of standard raw material and chemical composition as recommended by the hybrid manufacturer, the only thing was that groups differed in that the experimental groups in starter and grower mixture had different added amounts of purified lignocellulose (the OI group received purified lignocellulose in 4 g / kg of feed, O-II group in the amount of 6 g / kg of purified lignocellulose, while 6 g / kg of purified lignocellulose was added to the feed for O-III group of broilers with a 0.6% reduction in soybean meal content. Nutritional mixture were formulated to fully satisfy needs of borilers in all stages of fattening. During of the experiment health status and production parameters (body weight, growth, food consumption and conversion) were monitored daily and at the end of each week of fattening. At the end of fattening boilers were measured, the amount of consumed food was calculated and in the slaughterhouse the digestive tract weigh was measured and it was taken sample gut for microbiological and histological analysis. The use of purified lignocellulose achieved better production results of the experimental groups than the control group of broilers. The broiler body weights of experimental group were larger than the control group at all stages of fattening. In the fattening period 1-21 it was determined statistically lower body mass of control broiler than O-II group broilers. The same trend was continued in the second stage of fattening (22-42 days) where were determined statistically significant differences between O-II group compared to control, but also other experimental group. At all stages of fattening as for the whole fattening period experimental groups of broilers achieved higher average increment than control group..

Performances, Heal and Cecal Microbial Populations and Histological Characteristics in Broilers Fed Diets Supplemented with Lignocellulose

The effect of dietary lignocellulose on broilers performance, intestinal microbiota and morphology, pH of digesta and litter humidity after 28 and 42 days of the experiment was evaluated. A total of 384 Cobb500 chickens (initial weight: 41.88 +/- 1.56 g) were divided into 4 groups with 24 replications and fed with control diet (C), a control diet with added 0.4% of lignocellulose (T1), a diet with added 0.6% of lignocellulose at the expense of soybean meal and maize (T2), and a diet supplemented with 0.6% of lignocellulose at the expense of soybean meal (T3). T2 treatment significantly influenced body weight, weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). T2 and T3 treatment increased average LAB and Bifidobacterium spp. count, and decreased the number of Escherichia coil in the ileum and cecum, while differences in cecal Clostridium perfringens count among 0.4% and 0.6% treatments were not observed. Feeding the lignocellulose diet did not affect the relative weights of empty proventriculus, gizzard or intestines, but led to a decrease in pHs. T3 treatment caused an increase of the villi heights and significantly lower moisture content in the litter. Even though the addition of lignocellulose into broilers diet positively influenced performances, changes in intestinal microbiota and villi heights, based on the results of the present study, supplementation with 0.6% lignocellulose is recommended

Domestic chicken omega 3 – a product for promoting human health

Literature data show that the relationship between two groups of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diet, omega 3 acids, whose basic representative is a-linolenic acid (C18: 3 n-3), and omega 6 acids, whose basic representative is linoleic acid (C18: 2 n-6), has a significant role in development of cardiovascular diseases in humans. The optimal ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acids is around 4:1. In monogastric animals, the fatty acids in feed are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract largely unchanged. This means the fatty acid profile of the animal’s diet directly reflects the fatty acid profile of the tissue. The daily intake of unsaturated fatty acids can be increased by an adequate animal nutrition strategy. Flaxseed contains ten times more unsaturated (32.26%) than saturated (3.66%) fatty acids. The largest amount of unsaturated fatty acids (about 70%) is a-linolenic acid (ALA), which is a precursor of the entire omega 3 series of fatty acids, and which makes flaxseed an ideal raw material for the production of a wide range of omega 3 enriched products. In order to obtain chicken meat rich in omega 3, an experiment was organized with a specific diet for broilers at fattening. Thanks to the designed animal feed, it was possible to get products (meat, breast, drumstick, liver, subcutaneous fat) with significantly higher amounts of omega 3 fatty acids compared to the same products obtained from broilers fed with conventional mixtures, or with almost the ideal ratio between omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids

Effects of dietary supplementation with benzoic acid and chelated copper, zinc and manganese sources on production performance in piglets

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of benzoic acid and chelates in which copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) were bound to methionine hydroxy analogue on growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microbiota and digesta pH value of post-weaning piglets at 28 days of age. The experiment was conducted on 96 piglets randomly assigned to one of four treatments (6 replicate pens of 4 piglets each): 1) control (C) – microminerals were provided as sulfates of Cu, Zn and Mn at 130 (80 at second phase), 100, 120 mg/kg in the first phase, respectively; 2) chelates (CTM), microelements were provided as chelates of Cu, Zn and Mn at 130 (80 in second phase), 60, 60 mg/kg in the first phase, respectively; 3) benzoic acid (BA), with the addition of 2500 mg/kg during both periods; 4) chelates + benzoic acid (CTM + BA), microelements were provided as chelates of Cu, Zn and Mn at 130 (80 in second phase), 60, 60 mg/kg in the first phase, respectively, and 2500 mg/kg of benzoic acid during both periods. Results showed that chelates and benzoic acid supplementation not only improved the final body weight (p<0.05), average daily gain (p<0.05) and feed conversion ratio (p<0.05), but also increased the morphology performance and decreased the number of E. coli in the jejunum and ileum in the treated groups (p<0.05). This study provides the evidence that dietary supplementation has beneficial effects on the intestinal morphology and microflora of weaned pigs, which can partly explain why growth performance of the piglets was improved

Nutritional strategies in changing fatty acid profile of feed for broilers in order to produce funcional food of animal origin

Numerous medical findings show that in development of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases in humans, the relationship between two groups of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diet plays a significant role: omega 6 acids whose basic representative is linoleic acid (C18: 2 n-6) and omega 3 acids whose basic representative of α-linolenic acid (C18: 3 n-3). Human needs are approximately two to six times higher in omega 6 than in omega 3 fatty acids, so the optimal ratio of omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids would be 4: 1. In monogastric animals such as poultry and pigs, the fatty acids in feed are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract largely unchanged, which means that the fatty acid profile of the tissue directly reflects the fatty acid profile in the animal's diet. The daily intake of unsaturated fatty acids can be increased by an adequate animal nutrition strategy. The largest amount of unsaturated fatty acids in flax seeds (about 70%) is α-linolenic acid (ALA), which is a precursor of the entire omega 3 series of fatty acids, which makes flax seed an ideal raw material for the production of a wide range of omega 3 enriched food of animal origin. In order to obtain products under the commercial name Domestic chicken omega 3, an experiment was organized with a specific diet for broilers in fattening, with the replacement of classic raw materials rich in omega 6 fatty acids, with exuded flax seed, obtained feed for broilers with an ideal fatty acid profile. Thanks to such a designed meal for broilers, it is possible to get products with a significantly higher amount of omega 3 fatty acids

Effects of purified lignocellulose on health and production results of broilers

Purified lignocellulose represents a pronutritive substance that affects the viscosity of the intestinal content, increases the absorption of nutrients and reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria in the small intestine. In this experiment the effects of lignocellulose in poultry nutrition was studied. Trial included 384 broilers of Cobb 500 provenance, both male and female, divided into four groups (control group: C and three experimental groups: E-I, E-II and E-III), 96 animals in each. Animals were fed with standard feed mixtures, starter (from 1st to 13th day), grover (from 14th to 28th day) and finisher (from 29th to 42th day), according to the manufacturer's recommendation. A control group (C) diet was without additives. The experimental groups differed in the fact that in the first two mixtures (starter and grover) a commercial preparation of purified lignocellulose (Arbocel® R, J. Rettenmaier & Söhne GmbH + CO. KG, Rosenberg, Germany) was added in the amount of 4 g/kg of feed for the E-I group, 6 g/kg of Arbocel® R as an expense of 0.3% soybean meal and 0.3% maize was added for the E-II group and 6 g/kg of Arbocel® R as an expense of 0.6% soybean meal was added for the E-III group. Analyzing the entire period of observation (from 1st to 42th day), adding the lignocellulose in experimental E-II group resulted in the best production indicators (final body weight 2611.00 g, average daily feed intake 96.09 g, average weight gain 2569.29 g and feed to gain ratio 1.67). Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the use of lignocelluloses in broilers nutrition has its medical, nutritional and economical justification

Application of extruded flax seeds in broiler diet in order to obtain meat with optimal fatty acid profile

Zbornik sažetak

Mycotoxins - invisible hazard in food for humans and animals

Контаминација микотоксинима путем хране за људе и животиње је глобални проблем. Чињенице које забрињавају су: више од 25% светске производње жита је контаминирано микотоксинима, у природи постоји више од 300 микотоксина, за њихову рутинску аналитику развијене су технике за само око 30 микотоксина, узорковање је изузетно тешко и важан је извор грешака, затим не постоје сигурни нивои микотоксина а честе синергијске интеракције микотоксина у ниским концентрацијама су велики проблем. Микотоксини изазивају читав низ поремећаја у организму почевши од биохемијских промена, преко функционалног и морфолошког оштећења различитих ткива и органа до појаве клиничких знакова микотоксикоза и последичног угинућа. Највећи број микотоксикоза изазван је нижим количинама микотоксина у храни које доводе до појаве хроничних микотоксикоза. Посебан проблем је присуство резидуа што се, као и слабији квалитет меса, најчешће уочава тек након клања животиња. Токсичност микотоксина зависи од врсте и количине микотоксина у храни, од дужине и начина уношења у организам, као и од генетских, физиолошких и спољашњих фактора, као и присуства других микотоксина. С обзиром на значајне и велике разлике у хемијској структури, поједини микотоксини испољавају различите биолошке ефекте који се испољавају као карциногени, мутагени, тератогени, ембриотоксични и имуномодулаторни. Према таргет органима, променама и симптомима које изазивају, микотоксини се деле у више група: хепатотоксини, нефротоксини, неуротоксини, цитотоксини, естрогени токсини, имуносупресивни токсини, фотосензибилирајући и фактори одбијања хране. Као последица ингестије афлатоксина јављају се обољења људи као што су хепатоцелуларни карцином, акутни токсични хепатитис, Kwashiorkor, Рејов синдром, Т4 лимфоцитна дефицијенција. Охратоксин изазива нефропатије код људи, туморе органа уринарног тракта и Балканску ендемску нефропатију људи (BEM). Бројна су обољења људи која се доводе у везу и са зеараленоном, Т-2 токсином и другим микотоксинима. Намирнице које најчешће могу бити извор интоксикације (зрнаста хранива, кафа, какао, коштуњаво воће, намирнице анималног порекла) органолептички изгледају потпуно исправне па зато микотоксине називају „хладнокрвним убицама“.Mycotoxin contamination food and feed is a global problem. The worrying facts are: more than 25% of the world's grain production is contaminated with mycotoxins, there are more than 300 mycotoxins in nature, techniques for only about 30 mycotoxins have been developed for their routine analysis, sampling is extremely difficult and is an important source of error. safe levels of mycotoxins and frequent synergistic interactions of mycotoxins at low concentrations are a major problem. Mycotoxins cause a whole range of disorders in the body, starting from biochemical changes, through functional and morphological damage to various tissues and organs, to the appearance of clinical signs of mycotoxicosis and consequent death. The largest number of mycotoxicosis is caused by lower amounts of mycotoxins in feed, which lead to the appearance of chronic mycotoxicosis. A special problem is the presence of residues, which, as well as the poorer quality of meat, is most often noticed only after the slaughter of animals. Toxicity of mycotoxins depends on the type and amount of mycotoxins in feed, on the length and manner of introduction into the body, as well as on genetic, physiological and external factors, as well as the presence of other mycotoxins. Due to significant and large differences in chemical structure, some mycotoxins exhibit different biological effects that are manifested as carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic and immunomodulatory. According to the target organs, changes and symptoms they cause, mycotoxins are divided into several groups: hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins, estrogen toxins, immunosuppressive toxins, photosensitizers and food rejection factors. As a consequence of aflatoxin ingestion, human diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma, acute toxic hepatitis, Kwashiorkor, Ray syndrome, T4 lymphocyte deficiency occur. Ochratoxin causes nephropathies in humans, tumors of the urinary tract and Balkan endemic human nephropathy (BEM). There are numerous human diseases that are also associated with zearalenone, T-2 toxin and other mycotoxins. Foods that can most often be a source of intoxication (grain nutrients, coffee, cocoa, nuts, foods of animal origin) look completely correct organoleptically, which is why they call mycotoxins "coldblooded killers".Zbornik kratkih sadržaj

The effects of dietary lignocellulose on litter quality and broilers performance

Proceeding

Uticaj prečišćene lignoceluloze na vlažnost prostirke i proizvodne rezultate brojlera u tovu

Пречишћена лигноцелулоза представља пронутритивну супстанцу која утиче на вискозитет цревног садржаја, повећава апсорпцију хранљивих материја и смањује број патогених бактерија у танком цреву код бројлера. Циљ експеримента био је испитивање утицаја лигноцелулозе као додатка исхрани живине. Испитивањем је обухваћено 384 бројлера Cobb 500 провенијенције, равномерног односа полова, подељених у четири групе (контролна група: К и три огледне групе: О-I, О-II и О-III), по 96 животиња у свакој. Бројлери су храњени потпуним смешама за исхрану бројлера у тову стандардног хемијског и сировинског састава према препоруци произвођача и то стартер (од 1-13. дана), гровер (од 14-28. дана) и финишер (од 29-42. дана). Контролна група храњена је смешама без додатка лигноцелулозе. Огледне групе су у прве две смеше (стартер и гровер) имале као додатак комерцијални препарат пречишћене лигноцелулозе (Arbocel® R, J. Rettenmaier & Söhne GmbH+CO. KG, Rosenberg, Germany). О-I група бројлера храњена је смешама са додатком препарата у количини од 4 g/kg, О-II група бројлера храњена је смешама са додатком препарата у количини од 6 g/kg (као замена за 0,3% сојине сачме и 0,3% кукуруза), док је О-III група храњена смешама са додатком препарата у количини од 6g/kg (као замена за 0,6% сојине сачме). Детаљном анализом производних резултата, уочавамо да је додатак препарата лигноцелулозе смешама којима је храњена О-II група имао за резултат најбоље показатеље (просечна телесна маса 2611g, просечан дневни унос хране 96,09g, просечан прираст 2569,29g и конверзија хране 1,67), као и оптималну вредност садржаја влаге у простирци (6,69%). На основу добијених резултата може се закључити да употреба пречишћене лигноцелулозе у исхрани бројлера има своје медицинско, нутритивно и економско оправдање.Zbornik radova i kratkih sadržaj