Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: Data are lacking on the long-term effect on cardiovascular events of adding sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, to usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind study, we assigned 14,671 patients to add either sitagliptin or placebo to their existing therapy. Open-label use of antihyperglycemic therapy was encouraged as required, aimed at reaching individually appropriate glycemic targets in all patients. To determine whether sitagliptin was noninferior to placebo, we used a relative risk of 1.3 as the marginal upper boundary. The primary cardiovascular outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 3.0 years, there was a small difference in glycated hemoglobin levels (least-squares mean difference for sitagliptin vs. placebo, -0.29 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.32 to -0.27). Overall, the primary outcome occurred in 839 patients in the sitagliptin group (11.4%; 4.06 per 100 person-years) and 851 patients in the placebo group (11.6%; 4.17 per 100 person-years). Sitagliptin was noninferior to placebo for the primary composite cardiovascular outcome (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.09; P<0.001). Rates of hospitalization for heart failure did not differ between the two groups (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.20; P = 0.98). There were no significant between-group differences in rates of acute pancreatitis (P = 0.07) or pancreatic cancer (P = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease, adding sitagliptin to usual care did not appear to increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, hospitalization for heart failure, or other adverse events

Blood groups in goats. I. Reagent sera production and characterization of the malagueña breed

A group of fourteen goats belonging to the "Malagueña" breed was used to obtain typing sera for the identification of the antigenic factors of goat blood types. Ten donor—receptors couples were used to produce immunosera through alloimmunization. Five of these were monospecific and the 6th had two specificities. The frequency of the antigenic factors, detected by these sera in two goat populations (also of the "Malagueña" breed), was determined. A total of 131 animals were analysed. A genetic study on the way these specificities are transmitted was also carried out on a total of 41 families whose pedigree was known.Un lote de 14 animales de la raza caprina "Malagueña" ha sido utilizado para la obtención de sueros reactivos destinados a la identificación de factores antigénicos de grupos sanguíneos en caprinos. Utilizando 10 parejas donante—receptor se han obtenido seis inmunosueros, de los cuales 5 han resultado monoespecíficos y un sexto con dos especificidades. Se ha determinado la frecuencia de los factores antigénicos detectados por estos sueros, en dos poblaciones caprinas, así mismo de raza "malagueña", con un total de 131 animales analizados. Igualmente se ha realizado el estudio genético acerca del modo de trasmisión de estos factores en un total de 41 fanilias con parectesco controlado

Analysis of soil capability versus land use change by using CORINE land cover and MicroLeis

Land use and land cover changes in agricultural lands between 1956 and 2007 in Seville province (SW Spain) were analyzed in this research. The agricultural land use change was compared to land capability with the aim to analyze dysfunctions related to agricultural capacity of the area. Furthermore, factors affecting agroecological land use in the province were examined in the light of their implications for agroforestry sustainability. There are significant differences in the extent and rate of agricultural land use change at regional level. Present circumstances in the province are favourable for a reversal of agroforestry uses, nevertheless urbanization process is the major pressure in the agricultural re- gions in the province.Peer Reviewe

Genetic components for productive characters in rabbit of new zealand and California breeds

A study was carried out on animals coming from five strains of the New Zealand Race and three from the Californiar one. Eleven corresponding variables of the different aspect of the growing animals were analysed. The data were submitted to an analysis of diallel crosses in order to obtain the values of the significance on the general effects, as well as on the mutual maternal ones, the nonmaternal ones, and the specific ones, along with the porcentages which the mutual, specific, additive components and error represent. The expected values arriving at the general heterosis, in each case, were also examined. To obtain an orientation of which method to follow in the selection of crossing, the parameters G, S, and V., and those which Curnow defines were employecLIn conclusion, it was observed that, in general, the selection by crossings gives a more adequate result than the selection by strains.Se ha trabajado con animales pertenecientes a cinco estirpes de la raza neozelandesa y tres de la raza californiana, sobre 11 variables correspondientes a diferentes aspectos del crecimiento animal. Los controles han sido sometidos a un análisis de cruces dialélicos, para obtener, en cada caso, los valores de significación de los efectos generales, recíprocos maternos, recíprocos no maternos y específicos, así como los porcentajes que representan los componentes recíprocos, específicos, aditivos y error. Se determinan también los valores esperados que alcanza la heterosis general, en cada uno de los casos. Para conseguir una orientación sobre el método a seguir en la selección de los cruces, hemos obtenido los parámetros G, S y Vi, tal como los define Curnow. En general, la selección por cruces resulta más apropiada que la selección por estirpes