Genetic Drivers of Heterogeneity in Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disease that develops through diverse pathophysiological processes1,2 and molecular mechanisms that are often specific to cell type3,4. Here, to characterize the genetic contribution to these processes across ancestry groups, we aggregate genome-wide association study data from 2,535,601 individuals (39.7% not of European ancestry), including 428,452 cases of T2D. We identify 1,289 independent association signals at genome-wide significance (P \u3c 5 × 10-8) that map to 611 loci, of which 145 loci are, to our knowledge, previously unreported. We define eight non-overlapping clusters of T2D signals that are characterized by distinct profiles of cardiometabolic trait associations. These clusters are differentially enriched for cell-type-specific regions of open chromatin, including pancreatic islets, adipocytes, endothelial cells and enteroendocrine cells. We build cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores5 in a further 279,552 individuals of diverse ancestry, including 30,288 cases of T2D, and test their association with T2D-related vascular outcomes. Cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores are associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and end-stage diabetic nephropathy across ancestry groups, highlighting the importance of obesity-related processes in the development of vascular outcomes. Our findings show the value of integrating multi-ancestry genome-wide association study data with single-cell epigenomics to disentangle the aetiological heterogeneity that drives the development and progression of T2D. This might offer a route to optimize global access to genetically informed diabetes care

Genetic drivers of heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disease that develops through diverse pathophysiological processes1,2 and molecular mechanisms that are often specific to cell type3,4. Here, to characterize the genetic contribution to these processes across ancestry groups, we aggregate genome-wide association study data from 2,535,601 individuals (39.7% not of European ancestry), including 428,452 cases of T2D. We identify 1,289 independent association signals at genome-wide significance (P &lt; 5 × 10-8) that map to 611 loci, of which 145 loci are, to our knowledge, previously unreported. We define eight non-overlapping clusters of T2D signals that are characterized by distinct profiles of cardiometabolic trait associations. These clusters are differentially enriched for cell-type-specific regions of open chromatin, including pancreatic islets, adipocytes, endothelial cells and enteroendocrine cells. We build cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores5 in a further 279,552 individuals of diverse ancestry, including 30,288 cases of T2D, and test their association with T2D-related vascular outcomes. Cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores are associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and end-stage diabetic nephropathy across ancestry groups, highlighting the importance of obesity-related processes in the development of vascular outcomes. Our findings show the value of integrating multi-ancestry genome-wide association study data with single-cell epigenomics to disentangle the aetiological heterogeneity that drives the development and progression of T2D. This might offer a route to optimize global access to genetically informed diabetes care.</p

Formation of BaF₂ microcrystals as superhydrophobic materials via a hydrothermal method

Abstract Controllable BaF₂ microcrystals with super-hydrophobic property have been successfully synthesized via a facile hydrothermal process. XRD, SEM and CA were used to study the structure, morphology and the hydrophobic properties of the BaF₂ materials. The effects of reaction time, surfactants and pH were investigated in order to get a series of accurate reaction conditions for the preparation of BaF₂ material. The results showed that uniform BaF₂ cubic phase structure was fabricated when the reaction temperature was controlled at 160 °C for 24 h. In addition, the BaF₂ materials showed excellent super-hydrophobic properties. The results of the influence of time and substrates exhibited that the sample could maintain the stable super-hydrophobic property for over 10 days. As a promising superhydrophobic material, the studies of BaF₂ reported in this paper have potential application prospect and have a certain guiding meaning for the future study about superhydrophobic materials

Effective oil–water mixture separation and photocatalytic dye decontamination through nickel-dimethylglyoxime microtubes coated superhydrophobic and superoleophilic films

Abstract Oils and solvable organic pollutants in wastewater demand separations of the components along with efficient photocatalysis in water treatment. Herein, we report on a practical purification strategy by using the multifunctional nickel-dimethylglyoxime [Ni(DMG)₂] microtubes to separate the liquid mixture and degrade organic pollutants. The self-assembled [Ni(DMG)₂] tubes was synthesized by a facile co-precipitation method. The static contact angle of the film prepared by mixing [Ni(DMG)₂] powder (1 : 2 wt%) into polydimethylsilicone (PDMS) to water can reach 161.3°, which can still remain superhydrophobic but oil-friendly under corrosion conditions. PDMS imparts good mechanical properties and serves as both the adhesive and hydrophobic material. PFOTS methanol solution contains a large number of low surface energy groups, which can reduce the surface free energy of [Ni(DMG)₂] rough structure. The superhydrophobic rough surface prepared by hollow micron tubular [Ni(DMG)₂] samples must have both low surface energy substance and hollow micron tubular morphology. Due to the unique wettability, oil and water were efficiently separated from the oil–water mixture through the films. The coated film itself is photocatalytic in degrading quinoline blue, rhodamine B, methyl orange and methylene blue. By using the film's multifunctionality, a practical wastewater treatment was realized via water–oil separation, followed by fast photocatalytic degradation of solvable dyes

Study of the effect of F-doping on lithium electrochemical behavior in MnWO₄ anode nanomaterials

Abstract MnWO₄ nanorods with different contents of F-doping were synthesized by a facile approach. The morphological studies further confirmed formation of MnWO₄ nanorod structure with dimensional size and length of 50 and 100 nm, respectively. The differences of Li-storage performance that caused by F-doping contents in MnWO₄ nanomaterials were systematically investigated. The results show by tuning the F-doping contents in the MnWO₄ nanorods, both the reversible capacity and the cycling stability of nano-MnWO₄ electrode attain remarkable improvement. Furthermore when the content of F-doping is 0.05 mol%, the reversible capacity for lithium storage in nano-MnWO₄ is at its maximum. What makes that all the more remarkable is that the 0.05 mol% F-doped nano-MnWO₄ shows a long cycle life. Even cycled under a low current density (200 mA h g⁻¹), the capacity retention still can keep more than 85% after 150 cycles, which are much superior to the report ones. These results provide insight into the effective method which can easily be applied to improve the electrochemical performances of the advanced electrode materials for Li ion batteries

Facile synthetic routes for photocatalytic Pb₃(BTC)₂·H₂O coordination polymers

Abstract Herein, we report on the successful synthesis of photocatalytic Pb₃(BTC)₂·H₂O polymers via different methods including the surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method, ultrasonic method and reflux method. As the crystal growth is subjected to preparation atmosphere, changes in reaction conditions do not alter the crystal structures of products, but vary their morphology. High ultraviolet-light-driven photocatalytic abilities are attributed to the stable Pb₃(BTC)₂·H₂O, and the effective productions of h⁺ and ˙OH on the catalysts